dear ken,
i was trying to refresh my memory of dick buchanan's paper but was unable to get them from your otherwise admirable site.
i recall that these four categories of design thinking were more a collection than an ordering of design thinking.
as you may recall, i have pursued another conceptions of design considerations, their ordering is grounded by both, the history of expanding design issues and their scope on inclusion: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/95 later further developed into my 2006 semantic turn. to me, design considerations have expanded in this order:
PRODUCTS - mass produced material artefacts. the ideal of universal functionality and utilizability sidelines cultural and individual differences
GOODS, SERVICES, AND IDENTITIES -- products and places designed for their sale, use, recognition, consumption, or commercial values for target audiences
HUMAN INTERFACES -- the interaction between individual users and artifacts that afford achieving personal objectives or improving user's state of being
MULTIUSER SYSTEMS/NETWORKS -- enabling many people to interface with one another, each pursuing their own objectives while making something bigger possible
PROJECTS - collaborations among people towards a common objective - assembling a design teams to propose systems, interfaces, goods, or products
DISCOURSES - the language, methods, literature, institutionalized practices, and what they do, here constituting the design profession.
The semantic turn elaborates these six levels and provides design methods appropriate for the last five.
cheers
klaus
-----Original Message-----
From: PhD-Design - This list is for discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Ken Friedman
Sent: Tuesday, January 07, 2014 4:52 AM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Four Orders of Design
Dear All,
Peter Lloyd's excellent post deserves a footnote on the four orders of design.
Richard Buchanan originated the "four orders of design" model in 1992. Dick was the first to posit and widely publish this model in his seminal article on "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking."
Dick (Buchanan 1992: 9-10) discusses the four orders of design - 1) symbolic and visual communications, 2) material objects, 3) activities and organized services, and 4) complex systems, environments, and the organizations that produce all these other kinds of goods and services.
Tony Golsby-Smith (1996) developed this further in an article titled "Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective."
Then Dick Buchanan (2001) deepened his and developed his model further in "Design Research and the New Learning."
While Dick's 1992 article is widely read and highly cited, it seems that some folks engaged in design research may not know this seminal work. More than twenty years have gone by since Buchanan first described his model of four orders of design. He deserves the credit for this model.
Those who have not had a chance to read the Buchanan and Goldsby-Smith articles will find them in the teaching documents section of my Academia page at:
https://swinburne.academia.edu/KenFriedman
Yours,
Ken
Ken Friedman, PhD, DSc (hc), FDRS | University Distinguished Professor | Swinburne University of Technology | Melbourne, Australia | [log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]:[log in to unmask]>> | Mobile +61 404 830 462 | Home Page http://www.swinburne.edu.au/design/people/Professor-Ken-Friedman-ID22.html<http://www.swinburne.edu.au/design<http://www.swinburne.edu.au/design/people/Professor-Ken-Friedman-ID22.html%3chttp:/www.swinburne.edu.au/design>> Academia Page http://swinburne.academia.edu/KenFriedman About Me Page http://about.me/ken_friedman
Guest Professor | College of Design and Innovation | Tongji University | Shanghai, China
References
Buchanan, Richard. 1992. "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking." Design Issues, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Spring, 1992), pp. 5-21.
Buchanan, Richard. 2001. "Design Research and the New Learning." Design Issues, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 3-23.
Golsby-Smith, Tony. 1996. "Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective." Design Issues, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 5-25
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