medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
So named in the synoptic gospels, Bartholomew is often identified with the Nathanael of John 1:45-50 and 21:2. He is said to have preached in places vaguely called "India", in Lycaonia and other parts of Asia Minor, and, finally, in Armenia. Accounts of his martyrdom vary. In the East he was said either to have been crucified or to have been drowned; medieval Western versions have him flayed alive or decapitated (sometimes both). Tanners and leather workers took him for their patron.
Herewith some links to period-pertinent images of St. Bartholomew the Apostle, supplementing those recently posted by Gordon Plumb as well as the two images signaled by Genevra Konbluth on this page of her archive <http://www.kornbluthphoto.com/Saints1.html> :
a) as depicted (at top, just right of center) in the later fifth-century mosaic ceiling (betw. 451 and 475) of the Neonian Baptistery / Orthodox Baptistery in Ravenna (for best results, click to expand the image):
http://tinyurl.com/otuyj8z
b) as depicted in the very late fifth- or early sixth-century mosaics of the Cappella Arcivescovile (a.k.a. Cappella di Sant'Andrea) in Ravenna:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/pelegrino/5779777038/
c) as depicted (at far right, after Sts. Simon and Thomas, apostles) in the earlier to mid-sixth-century mosaics of the presbytery arch (carefully restored, 1890-1900) in the Basilica Eufrasiana in Poreč:
http://tinyurl.com/pak3fch
d) as depicted in relief (at left; at right, St. Simon the Apostle) on a later tenth-century ivory reliquary casket (betw. ca. 951 and 1000) of probable Constantinopolitan origin and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York:
http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/md/web-large/sf17-190-238s4.jpg
e) as depicted in the earlier eleventh-century decor (restored between 1953 and 1962) of the monastery of Hosios Loukas near Distomo in Phokis:
1) in mosaic in the narthex of the church of the Theotokos:
http://tinyurl.com/nw6ua39
2) in fresco in the crypt of the katholikon:
http://tinyurl.com/q8cqsgt
f) as depicted (upper margin; martyrdom: crucified and flayed) in a twelfth-century Gospels of probable Constantinopolitan origin (Paris, BnF, ms. Supplément grec 27, fol. 192r):
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8593586z/f389.image
A slightly closer view:
http://tinyurl.com/nncdpd4
g) as portrayed (flayed) in a twelfth-century polychromed columnar stone statue in the iglesia de San Bartolomé in Rebordans (Pontevedra) in Galicia:
http://www.arquivoltas.com/11-Galicia/Tuy-Rebordans%20G27.jpg
http://www.arquivoltas.com/11-Galicia/Tuy-Rebordans%20G26.jpg
http://www.arquivoltas.com/11-Galicia/Tuy-Rebordans%20G28.jpg
The statue's placement in the window niche of the church's apse is recent.
h) as depicted in an earlier twelfth-century legendary (ca. 1101-1133) from the abbey of Cîteaux (Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 641, fol. 24v):
http://tinyurl.com/2usjp8m
i) as depicted (at right in the intrados; at left, St. Simon the Apostle) in the mid-twelfth-century mosaics (ca. 1143) of the chiesa di Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio (a.k.a. chiesa della Martorana) in Palermo:
http://tinyurl.com/njteyah
Detail view (Bartholomew):
http://tinyurl.com/2mduez
j) as depicted (lower register, at center betw. the apostles Simon and Thomas) in the mid-twelfth-century apse mosaics (completed in 1148) of the basilica cattedrale della Trasfigurazione in Cefalù:
http://www.wga.hu/art/zgothic/mosaics/3cefalu/5cefalu.jpg
k) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) in a mid-twelfth-century gradual for the Use of of the abbey of Fontevraud (Limoges, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 2, fol. 181v):
http://tinyurl.com/2ehh6ht
l) as portrayed in relief (second from left in the Last Supper panel) by Anselmo da Campione on the later twelfth-century parapet / _pontile_ (ca. 1170-1180) in the cattedrale di San Geminiano in Modena:
http://tinyurl.com/ngmwj5c
m) as portrayed in relief (lower register at far left; next, St. James the Less; then, St. Trophimus of Arles) on the late twelfth-century portal (betw. 1190 and 1200) of the basilique primatiale Saint-Trophime in Arles:
http://tinyurl.com/opdmujc
Detail view (Bartholomew):
http://tinyurl.com/oklfmhq
n) as depicted (at left, aiding St. Guthlac) in the early thirteenth-century Guthlac Roll (1210) in the British Library (Harley Roll, Y.6, roundel 8):
http://tinyurl.com/dzqy8n
http://sarahjbiggs.typepad.com/.a/6a013488b5399e970c01a73e0689ee970d-popup
o) as depicted in one of the earlier thirteenth-century glass windows in the choir (baie 106; ca. 1225-1230) of the basilique cathédrale Saint-Remi in Reims:
1) full-length image:
http://tinyurl.com/o6lx26m
2) scenes from his Passio:
http://tinyurl.com/qx5zaz4
p) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) in an earlier thirteenth-century collection of saint's lives in their French-language translation by Wauchier de Denain (betw. 1226 and 1250; London, BL, Royal 20 D VI, fol. 42r; image greatly expandable):
http://tinyurl.com/q8vvqwn
q) as depicted (upper margin; martyrdom: being flayed) in an earlier thirteenth-century psalter from Hildesheim (ca. 1230-1240; Paris, BnF, Nouvelle acquisition latine 3102, fol. 5r):
http://tinyurl.com/osessz5
r) as depicted (enthroned) in the circle of the apostles in the later thirteenth-century frescoes (betw. 1251 and ca. 1273) on the ceiling of the baptistery of Parma:
http://tinyurl.com/f237g
s) as depicted (holding his flayed skin) in the later thirteenth-century Oscott Psalter (ca. 1265-1270; London, BL, MS Add 50000, fol. 9r):
http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_50000_f009r
t) as depicted (teaching under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit) in a late thirteenth-century book of hours (ca. 1280-1290) for the Use of Thérouanne (Marseille, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 111, fol. 60r):
http://tinyurl.com/2dzrzrt
u) as depicted (martyrdom: decapitation) in a later thirteenth-century collection of saint's lives in French (1285; Paris, BnF, ms. Français 412, fol. 46v):
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84259980/f102.item
v) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) in the late thirteenth-century Livre d'images de Madame Marie (ca. 1285-1290; Paris, BnF, ms. Nouvelle acquisition française 16251, fol. 67v):
http://tinyurl.com/2bkjjkb
w) as depicted (panel at far left, followed by those for St. Ansanus, St. Crescentius, and St. Savinus) as one of Siena's patron saints by Duccio di Buoninsegna in his relatively recently restored late thirteenth-century great window (1287-1288) for that city's cathedral (now in the Museo dell'Opera della Metropolitana):
http://tinyurl.com/nlbn8ut
x) as depicted (second from left) in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco (betw. 1301 and 1350) in the chiesa di San Tommaso di Canterbury at Corenno Plinio in Dervio (LC) in Lombardy:
http://tinyurl.com/34pfo7o
y) as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century glass window (betw. 1301 and 1350) in Hörsne kyrka (Gotland):
http://tinyurl.com/n9dt9n7
z) as depicted (at right; at left, St. James the Less) by Duccio di Buoninsegna in his early fourteenth-century Maestà altarpiece (betw. 1308-1311) in the Museo del Opera del Duomo in Siena:
http://www.wga.hu/art/d/duccio/maesta/maest_10.jpg
aa) as depicted in the earlier fourteenth-century apse frescoes (betw. ca. 1315 and 1324) of the basilica di Sant'Abbondio in Como:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/renzodionigi/3493571462/
bb) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) in an earlier fourteenth-century French-language legendary of Parisian origin (ca. 1327), with illuminations attributed to the Fauvel Master (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 183, fol. 31v):
http://tinyurl.com/2wk3v3b
cc) as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century copy (ca. 1326-1350) of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 185, fol. 43v):
http://tinyurl.com/3697fvv
dd) as depicted (martyrdom; being flayed) in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco (ca. 1335) in the cappella di San Giovanni in the chiesa dei Domenicani in Bolzano / Bozen:
http://tinyurl.com/qbhhjqt
ee) as portrayed (seated) in a probably mid- to later fourteenth-century statue (ca. 1340-1380; once routinely attributed to Nicola da Monteforte) in Benevento's basilica cattedrale metropolitana di Santa Maria de Episcopio:
http://tinyurl.com/gul9v
ff) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) by Giovanni da Milano in a predella panel of his mid-fourteenth-century Prato polyptych (ca. 1343-1363) in that city's Pinacoteca comunale:
http://tinyurl.com/qa5688z
gg) as depicted (holding his flayed skin) in the Litanies section of a later fourteenth-century miscellany of mostly French-language devotional texts (betw. 1351 and 1400; Paris, BnF, Français 400 [Colbert 1432], fol. 26r):
http://tinyurl.com/nuych9l
hh) as depicted (at left; at right -- in a separate fragment from the same dismembered altarpiece--, St. Anthony of Egypt) by Lorenzo Veneziano in a later fourteenth-century panel painting (1368?) in the Pinacoteca nazionale in Bologna:
http://tinyurl.com/q2bv7me
ii) as depicted in a later fourteenth-century Roman missal of north Italian origin (ca. 1370; Avignon, Bibliothèque-Médiathèque Municipale Ceccano, ms. 136, fol. 264v):
http://www.enluminures.culture.fr/Wave/savimage/enlumine/irht2/IRHT_055362-p.jpg
Detail view:
http://www.enluminures.culture.fr/Wave/savimage/enlumine/irht2/IRHT_055363-p.jpg
jj) as portrayed (at left, with an abbot- or bishop-saint) in a late fourteenth-century vault boss from the Carmelite convent in Barcelona (demolished, 1875) now in the Museu d'Arte de Catalunya in the same city:
http://www.museunacional.cat/ca/colleccio/sant-bartomeu-i-un-sant-abat/jordi-de-deu/009883-000
kk) as depicted by the Master of the Modena Book of Hours in a late fifteenth-century Dominican missal from Lombardy (ca. 1490-1500; The Hague, Museum Meermanno, Ms. 10 A 16, fol. 212r; zoomable image):
http://manuscripts.kb.nl/zoom/BYVANCKB%3Amimi_mmw_10a16%3A212r_init
ll) as portrayed in relief (fourth from right) on the late fourteenth- or early fifteenth-century tomb of St. Wendelin in his basilica in Sankt Wendel:
http://tinyurl.com/pepm5t9
mm) as portrayed in an earlier fifteenth-century polychromed stone statue from Burgundy (betw. 1401 and 1450) now in the Cloisters Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (image expandable):
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/471040
nn) as depicted (at left; at right, St. Anthony of Egypt) by Mariotto di Nardo in a pair of early fifteenth-century panel paintings (1408) in the Minneapolis Institute of Arts (image expandable):
http://www.artsmia.org/viewer/detail.php?v=12&id=1628#
oo) as depicted in an early fifteenth-century glass window panel (ca. 1410) of Austrian origin in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York:
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/471054
pp) as depicted (at right; at left, St. Thomas the Apostle) in the early fifteenth-century Apostles Window (1419) in the Liebfrauenkirche in Ravensburg:
http://tinyurl.com/neuq4am
qq) as depicted (at left in the wing at left; at right in that wing, St. Blasius of Sebaste / Blaise / Biagio; the corresponding figures on the other wing are St. Juvenal of Narni and St. Anthony of Egypt) by Masaccio in his earlier fifteenth-century San Giovenale triptych (1422) in the Museo Masaccio at Cascia di Reggello (FI) in Tuscany:
http://www.wga.hu/art/m/masaccio/z_panels/giovena1.jpg
rr) as depicted in a full-page miniature by the Master of Zweder van Culemborg in an earlier fifteenth-century book of hours for the Use of Utrecht (ca. 1430-1435; Amsterdam, KB, ms. 79 K 2, fol. 114v):
http://tinyurl.com/odms9rm
ss) as depicted (second from left, exorcising a demon) by the Master of Saint Bartholomew in a mid-fifteenth-century panel painting (ca. 1440-1460) from a dismembered altarpiece in the Museu d'Arte de Catalunya, Barcelona:
http://tinyurl.com/oq4y23l
tt) as depicted (fourth from left) in what remains of a mid-fifteenth-century fresco of the Last Supper (ca. 1450; restored, 1870-1873) in the oratorio di San Lorenzo all'alpe Seccio in Boccioleto (VC) in Piedmont:
http://tinyurl.com/pgfny2v
uu) as depicted (martyrdom: being flayed) in a later fifteenth-century copy (ca. 1451-1500) of Jean Mansel's _Fleur des histoires_ (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 57, fol. 39r):
http://tinyurl.com/oopeeyb
vv) as depicted (evangelizing in Armenia; martyrdom) in a later fifteenth-century copy (1463) of books 9-16 of Vincent of Beauvais' _Speculum historiale_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 50, fol. 337v, 338v):
1) evangelizing in Armenia:
http://tinyurl.com/nek4mjb
2) martyrdom (decapitation after flaying):
http://tinyurl.com/pgk6t98
ww) as depicted (at right, after the apostles Matthew and Barnabas) by the Master of the Eggelsberger Altarpiece on a later fifteenth-century altar (ca. 1465-1475) in the Veste Oberhaus museum in Passau:
http://tarvos.imareal.oeaw.ac.at/server/images/7006269.JPG
xx) as depicted (holding his flayed skin) by Matteo di Giovanni in a later fifteenth-century panel painting (ca. 1480) in the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest:http://tinyurl.com/nf26kkr
yy) as depicted (at left, holding his flayed skin; at right, Bl. Charlemagne) in an _Amtsbuch_ (register) from 1482 of the chapter of the imperial "cathedral" dedicated to him in Frankfurt am Main, now in the Stadtarchiv Frankfurt am Main:
http://tinyurl.com/qxx7eg7
zz) as depicted (second from right, holding his flayed skin) in the recently restored late fifteenth-century portraits of the apostles (ca. 1490-1500) in the apse of the chapelle San Pantaleon in Gavignano (Haute-Corse):
http://elizabethpardon.hautetfort.com/media/01/02/2714715379.jpg
Detail views (Bartholomew):
http://elizabethpardon.hautetfort.com/media/01/02/1806742755.jpg
http://elizabethpardon.hautetfort.com/media/02/00/1104967850.jpg
http://elizabethpardon.hautetfort.com/media/02/01/4042760745.jpg
aaa) as depicted (at center, with a donor) on the early sixteenth-century St. Bartholomew Altar (ca. 1503) in the Alte Pinakothek, München:
http://tinyurl.com/274g7y
bbb) as depicted (third from left) by Giovanni Botoneri in his early sixteenth-century fresco of the Last Supper (1514) in the cappella del santuario di San Magno in Castelmagno (CN) in Piedmont:
http://www.accademiaaleramica.com/images/2011/cpc1_g.jpg
Best,
John Dillon
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