For more recent references on ivory identification, using morphological and
spectroscopic methods, see the following papers. As was previously
mentioned, a basic guide to ivory identification can be found on our web
site:
http://www.lab.fws.gov/Ivory/index.html
A published version is also available:
E.O. Espinoza, M.J. Mann, Identification guide for ivory and ivory
substitutes, 2nd ed., World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation,
Baltimore, 1992.
Recent Ivory Identification Papers:
R.H. Brody, H.G.M. Edwards, A.M. Pollard, Chemometric methods applied to
the differentiation of Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivories,
Analytica Chimica Acta 427 (2001) 223-232.
H.G.M. Edwards, R. H. Brody, N. F. N. Hassan, D. W. Farwell, S. O’Connor,
Identification of archaeological ivories using FT-Raman spectroscopy,
Analytica Chimica Acta 559 (2006) 64-72.
H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, Ivory and simulated ivory artifacts: Fourier
transform Raman diagnostic study, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and
Biomolecular Spectroscopy 51 (1995) 2073-2081.
H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform
Raman spectroscopy of ivory: II. Spectroscopic analysis and assignments,
Journal of Molecular Structure 435 (1997a) 49-58.
H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform
Raman spectra of ivory. III: identification of mammalian specimens,
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53A
(1997b) 2403-2409.
H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier transform
Raman spectroscopy of ivory: a non-destructive diagnostic technique,
Studies in Conservation 43 (1998) 9-16.
H.G.M. Edwards, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy
and application of chemometric methods for the differentiation of
contemporary ivory specimens I: elephant and mammalian species, Journal of
Raman Spectroscopy 37 (2006) 353-360.
H.G. Edwards, S.E. Jorge Villar, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, S. O’Connor,
D.M. Charlton, Ancient biodeterioration: an FT-Raman spectroscopic study of
mammoth and elephant ivory, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 383
(2005) 713-720.
D.C. Fisher, J. Trapani, J. Shoshani, M. Woodford, The Schreger pattern in
mastodon and mammoth tusk dentin, Current Research in the Pleistocene 15
(1998) 105-107.
R. Kautenburger, J. Wannemacher, P. Müller, Multi element analysis by X-ray
fluorescence: a powerful tool of ivory identification from various origins,
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 260 (2004) 399-404.
W.D. Lambert, The microstructure of proboscidean ivory and its application
to the subordinal identification of isolated ivory specimens, Bulletin of
the Florida Museum of Natural History 45 (2005) 521-530.
E. Morgante, P. Villa, Enforcement methods and tools for the elephant
ivory, in: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo (Eds.), The
World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 577-580.
M. R. Palombo, P. Villa, Schreger lines as support in the Elephantinae
identification, in: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo
(Eds.), The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International
Congress, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp.
656-660.
E.J. Raubenheimer, M.C. Bosman, R. Vorster, C.E. Noffke, Histogenesis of
the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
), Archives of Oral Biology 43 (1998) 969-977.
M. Shimoyama, H. Maeda, H. Sato, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive
discrimination of biological materials by near-infrared Fourier transform
Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: discrimination among hard and soft
ivories of African elephant and mammoth tusks and prediction of specific
gravity of the ivories, Applied Spectroscopy 51 (1997) 1154-1158.
M. Shimoyama, S. Morimoto, Y. Ozaki, Non-destructive analysis of the two
subspecies of African elephants, mammoth, hippopotamus, and sperm whale
ivories by visible and short-wave near infrared spectroscopy and
chemometrics, The Analyst 129 (2004) 559-563.
M. Shimoyama, T. Nakanishi, Y. Hamanaga, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki,
Non-destructive discrimination between elephant ivory products and mammoth
tusk products by glancing incidence X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,
Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques 16 (1998) 175-182.
M. Shimoyama, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive discrimination of
ivories and prediction of their specific gravity by Fourier-transform Raman
spectroscopy and chemometrics, The Analyst 128 (2003) 950-953.
J. Trapani, D.C. Fisher, Discriminating proboscidean taxa using features of
the Schreger pattern in tusk dentin, Journal of Archaeological Science 30
(2003) 429-438.
Sincerely,
Barry W. Baker
Forensic Scientist - Morphology
Morphology Section
U.S. National Fish & Wildlife Forensics Laboratory
1490 East Main Street
Ashland, Oregon 97520-1310
USA
Phone: 541.482.4191
Fax: 541.482.4989
E-mail: [log in to unmask]
Web: http://www.lab.fws.gov
Adjunct Professor of Anthropology
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Southern Oregon University
Ashland, Oregon
|