The real key to opposition is not so much anti-war ideology (although that does
surface in monastic circles), but crusade failure; with the 1101 episode
largely overlooked, this comes into its own after the second crusade; then
providentialism receives a jolt, esp. because Bernard preached it (God wills
it?): the classic article is by Giles Constable: 'The 2nd crus. as seen by
contemporaries', Traditio, 9; reprinted in his *Religious Life and Thought*
(London, 1979).
Gary Dickson
University of Edinburgh
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