medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (7. September) is the feast day of:
1) Paragorius and companions (?). Paragorius, Parthaeus, Parthenopaeus, and Severinus are said to have been Roman soldiers martyred for their faith on Corsica. Absent from the pages of the RM, all four have been honored at Noli (SV) in Liguria's Riviera del Ponente since at least the eleventh century, when construction began on the town's then extramural church dedicated to Paragorius.
The early modern hagiographer Filippo Ferrari (d. 1626) says that "some years ago" (_ante aliquot annos_) there existed at Noli a very old parchment containing an antiphon in their honor with the words _Passi sunt in insula Corsicae_ ("They were martyred on the island of Corsica"). This text has apparently not survived even in later transcription. In a Passio of St. Restituta of Corsica (BHL 6466e; preserved in the twelfth-century main portion of BAV, Vat. lat. 6933), P., P. and P. are said to have been martyred -- separately from Restituta -- at Ulmia in northern Corsica under the emperor Macrinus (r. 217/218). Excavations beneath R.'s chapel at Calenzana (Haute-Corse) in 1951 revealed a late antique or early medieval martyrium with an ancient sarcophagus containing twelve human femurs, two of which were determined medically to have belonged to a woman. Six of the remainder may have been putative remains of P., P., and P.
Also lost is a painting still visible in the church at Noli in Ferrari's day that showed Paragorius seated on a horse and his companions on foot; interpreted by Ferrari to indicate that Paragorius was noble and the others were his servitors, this tableau is doubtless related to the (not medievally attested) local tradition that Paragorius was a senior officer and the others were his subalterns.
But if we know virtually nothing about Paragorius et socc., we still have Noli's appealing very early eleventh-century church (with later modifications) of San Paragorio, sited next to a Roman necropolis and replacing a paleochristian predecessor remains of whose baptistery were found during excavations in the 1970s. The act separating Noli in 1192 from the del Carretto marquisate formerly centered on Savona and granting the commune its autonomy was executed in this church. When Noli was elevated to diocesan status in 1239 San Paragorio was selected as its cathedral; it served in that capacity until 1572 when it was replaced by the more centrally located San Pietro. San Paragorio was restored in the nineteenth century by the Portuguese architect Alfredo d'Andrade.
Exterior views:
http://www.hotelginonoli.it/paragorio.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/6284300.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/lmd4vc
http://www.viagginellastoria.it/noli/immagini/para_bacili.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/8q4gg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/6284416.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/5107336.jpg
http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/7241421.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/lxsrrw
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/6260829.jpg
Interior views:
http://tinyurl.com/kq9te5
http://www.flickr.com/photos/45209487@N00/3306195401
http://tinyurl.com/l9ubze
http://www.rivieraligure.it/images/citta/22032009505_STD.jpg
http://www.rivieraligure.it/images/citta/22032009499_STD.jpg
Crypt:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pansaram/3306195923/
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/21402160.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/9cd4w
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotoacaso/2257007621/
The Italia nell'Arte Medievale page on Noli's San Paragorio:
http://tinyurl.com/5sxg94
2) Festus and Desiderius (d. ca. 305, supposedly). According to the usual story (which is really all we have), these less well known saints of the Regno were, respectively, deacon and lector of the church of Benevento who journeyed with their bishop Januarius to Pozzuoli during the Great Persecution and who together with him were martyred near the Solfatara in the Phlegraean Fields. Januarius and various companions including F. and D. appear in the (pseudo-)Hieronymian Martyrology for today. By the ninth century their collective feast had been regularized as falling on 19. September (so St. Ado and Usuard) but in Naples, where 19. September is J.'s big day, the companions had feasts of their own, either singly or in groups according to the towns they are said to have come from. And in this festal economy F. and D. continued to be celebrated today (so the Marble Calendar of Naples) as they also are in the new RM (2001).
Like the other companions, F. and D. appear in the mural portraits of the Neapolitan catacombs. Representations of F. in those venues appear not to exist on the free Web. D. has a very nice one in the catacombs of San Gennaro, where he is the left-hand figure in a ninth-century panel whose other figure represents St. Acutius of Pozzuoli:
http://tinyurl.com/llyzbv
F. as depicted in the surviving late eleventh- or twelfth-century portraits of St. Januarius and companions in the chiesa di Sant'Aniello at Quindici (AV) in central Campania:
http://www.moschiano.net/Quindici/images/afrresco%2020_jpg.jpg
Naples' eighth-century bishop Stephen II is credited with having founded that city's monastery of F. and D. (a community of Benedictine nuns) on the height now known as the Monterone, overlooking the coastal strip below. The monastery, first documented from 916, came to be known popularly simply as that of St. Festus. In the sixteenth century period it was conjoined with the adjacent male foundation of Sts. Marcellinus and Peter and both were given a splendid baroque makeover. Though Santi Marcellino e Festo is still around (it belongs to the university), there's nothing medieval to show from it.
One might think that F. and D.'s presumed relics would have lain in that monastery's church. But the early medieval historical martyrologies say that people of Benevento brought these saints' bodies back to their town. A Beneventan translation of F. and D. (BHL 4126) narrates the pagan senator Cyphius' translation of these relics from Pozzuoli to a place outside the city wall of Benevento. The earliest witness to that text is of the thirteenth century but the story itself is apparently at least as old as the ninth, when it is referred to in the seemingly nearly contemporary account of prince Sico's translation of St. Januarius from the extramural catacombs of Naples to within the city of Benevento (BHL 4140). Though F. and D. are said to now repose at abbey of Montevergine near Mercogliano (AV), also in Campania, where remains identified as theirs were discovered in 1480, they are still honored at Benevento and probably more so there than anywhere else on earth.
3) Evurtius (d. later 4th cent.). E. (also Evortius, Euvert; in French, usually Euverte) is the traditional fourth bishop of Orléans. He subscribed the acts of the Council of Valence in 374. Nothing is known about his early cult. E. is entered under today in the (pseudo-)Hieronymian Martyrology. In the ninth century, when Orléans had received a fragment of the True Cross, he received a legendary Vita (BHL 2799) in which he finds a treasure and uses that, along with many gifts from the emperor Constantine, to build a cathedral which then is dedicated to the Holy Cross and endowed with many other relics.
The extramural abbey at Orléans dedicated to E. is first heard from in the early 840s and may not be much older than that. A Translation account (BHL 2801) gives it venerable antiquity by placing its founding in the eighth century and by producing a to modern eyes clearly inauthentic charter of Charlemagne endowing the abbey with land and other property. In 1146 Eugenius III confirmed the charter's authenticity. Also in the earlier twelfth century an Inventio produced the corporeal relics of E. that thereafter were displayed in the abbey church of Saint-Euverte; these are already mentioned in a twelfth-century guide for pilgrims to Compostela.
The abbey buildings were demolished in 1358 and again in 1428 to prevent them from being used against the city by the English. The present church is largely of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with substantial further work done in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. A minimally illustrated page on it is here:
http://morgann.moussier.free.fr/orleans/BatRelig/Euverte.htm
An old-postcard view is here (note the rose window):
http://tinyurl.com/5cr4c2
More recent views:
http://tinyurl.com/kmap3n
http://tinyurl.com/n9gnq6
E. identified for election as bishop of Orléans by the appearance of a dove over his head, as depicted in a later fifteenth-century (1463) copy from Paris of Vincent of Beauvais' _Speculum historiale_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 51, fol. 123r):
http://tinyurl.com/2atbzmz
It would be unfair to end this notice of the legendary founder of Orléans' cathedral without at least a look at its present mostly late thirteenth- to very early seventeenth-century cathédrale Sainte-Croix:
http://tinyurl.com/5dj5pr
http://tinyurl.com/697wmz
Two pages of views begin here:
http://tinyurl.com/6qn8zd
4) Pamphilus of Capua (d. 409?). This less well known saint of the Regno appears as a bishop and confessor in the later medieval Capuan calendars published by Michele Monaco in the early seventeenth century as well as in the Capuan breviary of 1489. Dedications to a saint of this name are attested medievally for this diocese. As there are no grounds for believing that this P. was either the sainted bishop of Sulmona or any of the Eastern saints of this name, the assumption is that he is local and that his cult, given the meagreness of the evidence, is probably fairly early in origin. The current tradition in the diocese is that P. was bishop from 385-409, that he took part in the Synod of Capua of 391 presided over by St. Ambrose of Milan, and that his relics were translated to Benevento in 767 by duke Arechis II for his newly built church of Santa Sofia, where they remain today. P. was dropped from the RM in its revision of 2001.
5) Gratus of Aosta (d. later 5th or 6th cent.?). At the direction of his bishop Eutasius a priest of Aosta named Gratus subscribed the letter sent to pope St. Leo I by the synod of Milan in 451 outlining that body's opposition to the christological teaching of Eutyches of Constantinople. The laying to rest on this day of a bishop Gratus is recorded in a late antique inscription on a stone that in 1550 was in a decayed chapel of Aosta's suburban xenodochium then called the Maladeria and that later was re-used in the building of the relatively nearby parish church of Saint-Christophe (AO) on the outskirts of Aosta proper (_CIL_, V, 6859; _Inscriptiones Italiae_, XI, fasc. 1, p. 24). Although there is no good evidence that the G. of 451 ever became bishop and although the inscription is not securely dated (Mommsen thought it could be as late as the seventh century), influential scholars have regarded these two G.'s as one and the same person.
Also dubious (but often accepted as factual) is a report in a perhaps eighth-century interpolation in the earliest version of the at least partly legendary _Passio Acaunensium martyrum_ to the effect that bishop Gratus of Aosta and a bishop Domitianus of Genoa (who has also proven difficult to date) translated from Acaunus the body of the martyr St. Innocentius (a saint not named in the original text as we have it and now usually thought to be one of the many local saints of northern Italy piously assigned to the Theban Legion of hagiographic renown and dubious historicity).
Today's G. (in Latin also Gradus; in French, Grat) is evidently the G. of the inscription honored as a saint. His laying to rest on this day is recorded in a non-liturgical calendar preserved in an eleventh- or twelfth-century missal from the Valle d'Aosta. In the twelfth or early thirteenth century remains believed to be his were translated to Aosta's cathedral from the cemetery church of St. Lawrence that preceded today's basilica di San Orso (after which time the inscription, left in the older church, will have been taken for G.'s altar in the originally twelfth-century Maladeria). G.'s first appearance on an Aostan episcopal seal is from 1215. In 1285 he received a very inventive Vita et Miracula, the _Magna legenda sancti Grati_ (BHL 3634a), from Jacques de Cours, a cathedral canon of Aosta. Along with Ursus of Aosta he is one of that city's patron saints. His cult is widespread in other territories formerly ruled by Savoy.
G.'s fifteenth-century reliquary _cassa_ (1415-1458; by Guglielmo di Locana with later work by Jean de Malines) leaving the cathedral of Aosta in procession:
http://tinyurl.com/27qhtp4
The fifteenth-century fresco cycle of G. (expandable views concentrating on his legendary finding of the head of St. John the Baptist and return from Palestine with this relic) in the nave of the chapelle St.-Grat at Vulmix in Bourg-Saint-Maurice (Haute-Savoie):
http://tinyurl.com/22kmh4b
G. (at upper right) as depicted in a later fifteenth-century apse fresco in the cappella di San Grato at Canischio (TO) in Piedmont:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/8556580@N06/3877623498
G. (at right, carrying the head of St. John the Baptist; at left, St. Dionysius/Denis of Paris) in a painting attributed to Giovanni Baleison (active 1480-1500) in the apse of the chapelle St.-Grat in Lucéram (Alpes-Maritimes):
http://tinyurl.com/2765zkk
The painting as a whole:
http://tinyurl.com/23ftac7
G.'s late fifteenth-century window (1493; restored) in Aosta's cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista:
http://www.icvbc.cnr.it/bivi/schede/Vaosta/Aosta/1cattedrale1.htm
http://www.icvbc.cnr.it/bivi/schede/Vaosta/Aosta/1cattedrale1.htm
An earlier sixteenth-century painting, in G.'s chapel in Aosta's cathedral, of scenes from his legendary Vita:
http://tinyurl.com/3xj4qxq
6) John of Lodi (d. 1105 or 1106). Best known for his Vita of St. Peter Damian, J. (in Italian, Giovanni da Lodi) was born at Lodi in about the year 1040. According to his twelfth-century Vita by a monk of Fonte Avellama (BHL 4409), he had been trained in the liberal arts and had shortly after completion of his studies abandoned the world for the eremitic life at Peter's foundation of Fonte Avellana. This likely will have occurred in the year 1059/60, when Peter, returning from an important papal mission in Milan, preached at Lodi. J. was ordained priest soon after his arrival at Fonte Avellana, undertook various administrative roles, and became Peter's close collaborator and personal friend.
Peter died in 1072. J.'s Vita of him, undertaken at the request of his predecessor as prior (an office J. assumed in 1082), was written between 1076 and 1084. Its autograph survives as BAV, ms. Vat. lat. 4930. Other than that, we have from J.'s pen only one letter, preserved in the aforementioned manuscript.
Fonte Avellana lies in the diocese of Gubbio and in perhaps 1104 J. was elected the latter's bishop at the urging of a papal legate. During his brief episcopate he attempted to reform the cathedral clergy. J.'s _dies natalis_ is 7. September; his cult seems to have been immediate or nearly so. He has a second Vita (BHL 4410) by a fourteenth-century Franciscan.
Here's a view of J.'s effigy reliquary in Gubbio's mostly thirteenth-century cathedral of Marian and James:
http://tinyurl.com/y93gjlr
One of J.'s duties at Fonte Avellana was supervision of the scriptorium. This room at the monastery is now named for him:
http://tinyurl.com/y8p5op8
Seemingly built to serve as a chapel, it is said never to have so functioned and, before its incorporation into the abbatial residence, to have been used for the preparation of parchment and the binding of codices. The former scriptorium, a much larger room with higher windows, is named for St. Peter Damian:
http://scuole.provincia.ps.it/ic.pergola/Avellana/SCRIPTO.jpg
Best,
John Dillon
(last year's posts combined and revised and with the addition of Gratus of Aosta)
**********************************************************************
To join the list, send the message: join medieval-religion YOUR NAME
to: [log in to unmask]
To send a message to the list, address it to:
[log in to unmask]
To leave the list, send the message: leave medieval-religion
to: [log in to unmask]
In order to report problems or to contact the list's owners, write to:
[log in to unmask]
For further information, visit our web site:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/medieval-religion.html
|