medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
The cathedral in Ancona is called S. Ciriaco.
S. Ciriaco alle Terme, a titular church of cardinalsin Rome, is now S.
Maria in via Lata al Corso. It is the stational church for Tuesday of the
5th week in Lent.
Tom Izbicki
> medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
>
> Today (8. August) is the feast day of:
>
> 1) Cyriacus, Largus, and Smaragdus (?). C., L., and S. are martyrs of
> the Via Ostiensis, entered under today in the _Depositio martyrum_ of the
> Chronographer of 354. C. was early confused with the C. of 16. March,
> seemingly a Greek saint. When he, L., and S. became characters in the
> legendary _Passio sancti Marcelli_ (BHL 5234, 5235; C. as a deacon, L. and
> S. as his housemates in life and companions in death), their martyrdom,
> supposedly occurring under Maximian during the Great Persecution, was in
> this story said to have taken place on that earlier date. But the author
> of the Passio, aware too of their celebration on this day in August,
> implicitly converted the latter into a translation feast commemorating
> what the Passio describes as their solemn reburial by pope St. Marcellus
> I. In St. Ado and in Usuard their martyrdom is recorded on both days.
> Prior to 2001 the RM had opted for the March date made traditional by the
> Passio.
>
> An expandable view of the martyrdom of C., L., and S. as depicted in a
> late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the _Legenda aurea_ (San
> Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol. 97r):
> http://tinyurl.com/25vc7po
>
> To distinguish him from one or more of the numerous other saints of this
> name, C. is also known as Cyriac of Rome. Thanks to an episode the
> Passio, he became known as someone to invoke in cases of demonic
> possession. Venerated singly, C. enjoyed considerable popularity in
> northern Europe from the Ottonian period onward and became one of the
> Fourteen Holy Helpers of the later Middle Ages.
>
> Devotion to C. has been especially strong in Germany. In the tenth
> century a relic believed to be his was brought to today's Gernrode (Lkr.
> Quedlinburg) in Sachsen-Anhalt and there deposited in a newly built
> monastic church for women that had been dedicated to St. Mary and St.
> Peter. In time the church became known instead as that of C. (who, after
> all, was present -- at least in part -- in the confessio). Herewith views
> of Gernrode's Stiftskirche St. Cyriakus (west portions rebuilt in the
> twelfth century):
>
> http://tinyurl.com/2uestr8
> http://www.stadt-gernrode.de/index.php?id=155033000492
> http://tinyurl.com/zehft
> http://tinyurl.com/hrbcq
> http://tinyurl.com/zjdsf
> http://tinyurl.com/ht9mg
> http://tinyurl.com/zyl3z
> http://tinyurl.com/hkymy
>
> This church contains a Holy Sepulcher (later eleventh-/early
> twelfth-century), described here:
> http://tinyurl.com/oc6ro
> http://tinyurl.com/2v7q67r
> http://tinyurl.com/fyrf3
> http://tinyurl.com/h7dh7
> http://tinyurl.com/g7j9a
> http://tinyurl.com/o5ch3
> There is also a mid-twelfth-century baptismal font:
> http://tinyurl.com/jsryz
>
> Other dedications to C.:
> 1. Pfarrkirche St. Cyriakus (twelfth-/thirteenth-century;
> rebuilt,seventeenth century), Marburg-Bauerbach, Hessen:
> http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Bauerbach_church.jpg
> 2. Paroissiale (ancienne abbatiale) Saint-Cyriaque
> (twelfth-/eighteenth-century), Altorf (Bas-Rhin), Alsace:
> http://perso.orange.fr/jean-marie.poncelet/altorf.htm
> 3. St. Cyriakus Propstei-Kirche (1250-1490; later additions and
> modifications), Duderstadt, Niedersachsen:
> Account:
> http://www.st-cyriakus.city-map.de/3.html
> Views:
> http://tinyurl.com/nemhh
> 4. St. Cyriakus Kirche (mostly fifteenth-century), Weeze (Kreis Kleve),
> Nordrhein-Westfalen:
> http://tinyurl.com/2fdjogh
>
>
> 2) Secundus, Carpophorus, Victorinus, and Severianus (?). S., C., V.,
> and S. are Roman martyrs entered under today in the _Depositio martyrum_
> of the Chronographer of 354. The (pseudo-)Hieronymian Martyrology also
> enters them under today and adds that they were buried at Alba at the
> fifteenth milestone on the Via Appia. That datum accords with the
> location of the Catacombe di San Senatore at today's Albano Laziale (RM)
> in Lazio. An Italian-language page on that complex is here:
> http://www.romasotterranea.it/catacombadissenatore.html
> and a multi-page, illustrated, Italian-language site on the complex begins
> here:
> http://tinyurl.com/6a3gjg
>
> The complex contains a number of frescoes of late antique and early
> medieval date, mostly in very poor condition. The first one shown in this
> page has been dated to the late fifth century and depicts six figures
> flanking a seated Christ (those at either end are interpreted as donors;
> the other flanking figures are thought to represent S., C., V., and S.):
> http://tinyurl.com/67w24j
>
> In the legendary Passio of St. Sebastian (BHL 7543) S., C., V., and S. are
> military martyrs under Diocletian, buried in the cemetery of Sts.
> Marcellinus and Peter on the Via Labicana. With a change in feast day
> from 8. August to 8. November, they thus became one of the two groups of
> saints known severally and jointly as the Four Crowned Martyrs and were so
> commemorated under 8. November in the RM until its revision of 2001.
>
> Up in Lombardy, a poorly documented group of saints named Carpophorus,
> Exanthus, Cassius, Severus, Secundus, and Licinius appears legendarily in
> the originally early medieval Passio of St. Fidelis of Como as fellow
> soldiers martyred under Maximian in various places; the same saints also
> appear at the beginning of the Passio of St. Alexander of Bergamo as well
> as in some later witnesses of the (pseudo-)Hieronymian Martyrology where
> they are entered under 7. August as martyrs of Milan. Whereas each of
> these could be in origin a very poorly documented north Italian saint,
> there is a strong suspicion (shared, e.g., by Lanzoni and by Delehaye)
> that the group as such is fictitious and that it arose from local
> veneration of relics, some of which may have come from afar. In this
> view, the northern Carpophorus, Severus, and Secundus are likely to have
> been today's C., S., and S. celebrated one day earlier in Lombardy.
>
> Herewith the Italia nell'Arte Medievale page on Como's originally
> eleventh- and twelfth-century basilica di San Carpoforo:
> http://tinyurl.com/33psa4
>
>
> 3) Eusebius of Milan (d. prob. 462). According to his epitaph by his
> friend St. Ennodius (_Carmen_ 84), E. was a Greek of Eastern origin. He
> is first attested as bishop of Milan in 449, when he took part at Rome in
> an anti-Eutychian synod convened by pope St. Leo I. E. had to endure the
> Hunnic capture and sack of Milan under Attila in 452; a speech by an
> unknown prelate on the occasion of his re-building of that city's
> cathedral is transmitted among the works of St. Maximus of Turin.
> Ennodius highlights E.'s sympathy for poor and rich alike [TAN: the
> special theme of next year's International Medieval Congress at Leeds is
> 'Poor...Rich'].
>
> E. was buried in Milan's basilica di San Lorenzo. The oldest catalogues
> of Milan's bishops have him laid to rest on this day. Later ones use 9.
> August instead and the early fourteenth-century _Liber notitiae sanctorum
> Mediolani_ records him under 12. August, the date also used for E. in the
> RM prior to the latter's revision of 2001.
>
>
> 4) Aemilianus of Cyzicus (d. after 815). A. succeeded to the see of
> Cyzicus in the late eighth century. An iconophile, he was exiled after
> having opposed the emperor Leo III at the latter's synod of 815, where the
> patriarch St. Nicephorus I was deposed and iconolatry was condemned. The
> year of his death is unknown.
>
>
> 5) Altmann of Passau (d. 1091). According to his earlier twelfth-century
> Vita (BHL 313), A. came from a noble family of Westphalia and was educated
> at the cathedral school at Paderborn, which latter he then headed for many
> years before becoming Henry III's royal chaplain at Aachen. His contacts
> with the royal family led to his being named bishop of Passau in 1065. In
> that see, which then included much of Austria, he showed his Reform
> inclinations by founding (or by converting from other forms of joint life)
> communities of Canons Regular and by being Gregory VII's leading supporter
> among the German bishops during the Investiture Controversy In 1078 A.
> was forced to leave Passau. He returned in 1081, only to be deposed in
> 1085 by the imperial party's bishops, who installed at Passau a succession
> of (anti)bishops in his stead. A. spent the remainder of his life in the
> eastern part of his diocese, under the protection of Leopold II of
> Austria.
>
> A. was laid to rest at one of his foundations, the monastery of Canons
> Regular at Göttweig. Somewhat ironically for a great promoter of Canons
> Regular, within a few years of his death this house was converted into a
> Benedictine abbey. A.'s Vita, which was written there, presents him both
> as a defender of church interests against rapacious lords lay and
> ecclesiastical and as a thaumaturge. A.'s cult is also attested for
> Heilgenkreuz in the twelfth century, for Lilienfeld in the thirteenth, and
> for Melk by at least the end of the Middle Ages. His cult is said to have
> been confirmed, presumably for the Benedictines and the Augustinians, by
> Boniface VIII (1300) and by Alexander VI (1496). In the late nineteenth
> century it was extended to the dioceses of Linz and Passau. A.,
> recognized as a Saint, entered the RM only in the the 2004 edition of its
> revision of 2001.
>
> A. as depicted in a later twelfth-century copy from Göttweig of Origen's
> _Expositio symboli_, showing him as founder (Göttweig, Stiftsbibliothek,
> Cod. 97 rot / 27 schwarz, fol. 1r):
> http://www.imareal.oeaw.ac.at/real-t1/imgs/003082.html
> A partial view of A.'s tomb in the crypt of the abbey church:
> http://tinyurl.com/5tvhjy
> A view of A.'s head reliquary at Göttweig:
> http://tinyurl.com/5qgaqj
>
>
> 6) Famianus (d. 1150). F. is the patron saint of Gallese (VT) in
> northern Lazio. According to his Vitae, all of which seem to be Early
> Modern, he was a native of Köln who at a fairly early age undertook a
> series of pilgrimages that took him to Rome in 1108, to other parts of
> Italy, and to Compostela. While in Spain he is said to have been ordained
> priest and to have lived as an hermit at the not-yet-Cistercian abbey of
> Oseira in Galicia. The date of F.'s return to Italy is unknown. He is
> reported to have died on this day at Gallese, where by the late thirteenth
> century there was a full-blown pilgrimage cult in his honor with a church
> that is said to have replaced an oratory at his wonder-working grave.
>
> An illustrated, Italian-language account of Tuscia's basilica di San
> Famiano:
> http://tinyurl.com/267thlo
> Other views (expandable), including one of F.'s eighteenth-century
> sarcophagus in the crypt:
> http://tinyurl.com/2clap8s
>
>
> 7) Dominic of Caleruega (d. 1221). D. is also known as D. of Osma (where
> he had been a Canon Regular). The founder of the Order of Preachers, he
> was canonized in 1234. Herewith two views of his tomb in Bologna's
> basilica di San Domenico:
> http://tinyurl.com/2d8ae6l
> http://tinyurl.com/j9arl
> Several detail views are here:
> http://tinyurl.com/2f3nosb
> Kept behind the tomb is D.'s head reliquary executed in 1383 by the
> Bolognese goldsmith Jacopo Roseto:
> http://tinyurl.com/3798r6e
> http://www.storicamente.org/03pini_link5.htm
> A detail view of the central portion:
> http://tinyurl.com/s87ya
> A twentieth-century reliquary containing what is said to be a portion of
> D.'s cranium that had been kept at his convent of San Sisto in Rome:
> http://tinyurl.com/2csfujx
>
> An expandable view of Honorius III blessing D. and the brethren as
> depicted in a late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the
> _Legenda aurea_ (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol.
> 91v):
> http://tinyurl.com/233vch6
>
> A page of expandable views of earlier fourteenth-century depictions of D.:
> http://tinyurl.com/2clnya5
>
> D. as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century (ca. 1326-1350) collection
> of French-language saint's Lives (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 185, fol.
> 240v):
> http://tinyurl.com/2cjhg62
>
> D. as depicted in a mid-fourteenth-century (1348) copy of the _Legenda
> aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms.
> Français 241, fol. 188v):
> http://tinyurl.com/28j4yv9
>
> D. and fellow Dominicans (some represented punningly as black-and-white
> dogs, _Dominici canes_) as depicted in a later fourteenth-century fresco
> (The Way of Salvation; ca. 1365-1368) by Andrea da Firenze (Andrea di
> Bonaiuto) in the Cappella Spagnuolo in Florence's basilica di Santa Maria
> Novella:
> http://www.wga.hu/art/a/andrea/firenze/2right3.jpg
> http://tinyurl.com/379rt8n
>
> D. as depicted in a later fifteenth-century glass window Holy Trinity
> Church, Long Melford (Suffolk; photo by Gordon Plumb):
> http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/2226559836/
>
>
> 8) William of Castellammare di Stabia (Bl.; d. 1364). Our information
> about this Franciscan missionary and less well known holy person of the
> Regno comes from early historians of his order. He is said to have been
> arrested at Gaza for publicly defaming the Prophet, to have declined
> suggestions that he apostasize, and to have been executed by being sawn in
> two, with his breviary then burned along with his corpse.
>
> Best,
> John Dillon
> (an older post revised and with the additions of Eusebius of Milan and Bl.
> William of Castellammare di Stabia)
>
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