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MEDICAL: CONDITIONS: OBESITY :
JOURNAL ARTICLES :
RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS:
Advanced Age, Obesity, Physical Activity
Affect Diabetes Risk in Rural India
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Advanced Age, Obesity, Physical Activity
Affect Diabetes Risk in Rural India
Barik A, et al.
BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care.
2016;doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000255.
August 3, 2016
http://tinyurl.com/z8kbzbt
Among adults in rural India, older age, greater wealth, advanced education
level and limited physical activity all increase the likelihood of
developing type 2 diabetes, according to recent findings.
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Results indicate that age group, economic status, being overweight/obese
and low level of physical activity are the potential risk factors of
diabetes, Anamitra Barik, MBBS, DPH, research coordinator at the Society
for Health and Demographic Surveillance in Suri, West Bengal, India, and
colleagues wrote. Although these risk factors appear as independent
characteristics associated with diabetes, they are also interrelated.
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In a cross-sectional study, Barik and colleagues analyzed data from 7,674
adults without cardiovascular disease or type 1 diabetes from the Birbhum
Population Project, a health and demographic surveillance system site
located in West Bengal. Data, collected between July 2012 and March 2013,
include demographic processes, population health, epidemiology and health
care utilization with a focus on anthropometric indices; cardiometabolic
imaging data is available in a subgroup of adults. Researchers assessed
venous plasma glucose to measure glucose concentrations in blood;
participants were categorized as having diabetes, prediabetes or impaired
glucose tolerance, or normoglycemia. Researchers interviewed participants
and conducted home study visits every 3 weeks for assessment of follow-up
for clinical events.
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snip
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Related Artciles
Increased mortality risk associated with IGT mostly attributable to type 2
diabetes
Gong Q, et al.
Diabetes Care.
2016;doi:10.2337/dc15-0426.
August 3, 2016
http://tinyurl.com/jb7ll6u
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ntensive glycemic control improved prognosis in patients on hemodialysis
Poor HbA1c predicted decreased cumulative survival rate.
Endocrine Today,
August 2006
http://tinyurl.com/z7jw2lg
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DPP-IV activity linked to mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes
Zheng T, et al.
Diabetes Care.
2016;doi:10.2337/dc16-0316.
July 5, 2016
http://tinyurl.com/jhv4pjx
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Increasing obesity rate related to increased cost to society
Morbidities associated with obesity are also associated with high medical
costs for care.
Endocrine Today,
December 2008
Brant K. Oelschlager, MD; Saad Shebrain, MD
http://tinyurl.com/jrgqckr
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Obesity is a global epidemic according to World Health Organization
reports. There are more than 1 billion overweight (BMI 2529.9) adults, and
at least 300 million of them are obese (BMI > 30) compared with 850
million who are chronically underweight (malnutrition and hunger). The
United States ranks number one in the world in rates of overweight and
obese individuals per capita, estimated in 2004 at 64.5% of the
population; Mexico (62.3%), the United Kingdom (61%) and Australia (58.4%)
follow close behind. The lowest percentages are recorded in Japan (25.8%)
and Korea (30.6%).
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Researchers from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health addressed
the prevalence of obesity and found the U.S. obesity rate has increased at
an alarming rate over the past three decades, according to results of a
recent study. The researchers expect that by 2030, 86% of U.S. adults will
be overweight or obese, with related health care spending projected to be
as much as $956.9 billion. They concluded that without a change in peoples
eating habits or exercise habits, the figures will continue climbing to a
public crisis.
.
Researchers from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health addressed
the prevalence of obesity and found the U.S. obesity rate has increased at
an alarming rate over the past three decades, according to results of a
recent study. The researchers expect that by 2030, 86% of U.S. adults will
be overweight or obese, with related health care spending projected to be
as much as $956.9 billion. They concluded that without a change in peoples
eating habits or exercise habits, the figures will continue climbing to a
public crisis.
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From an economic standpoint, obesity is costly for both individuals and
society, with its associated major health problems leading to substantial
economic consequences for the U.S. health care system. This includes both
direct and indirect costs. Direct medical costs may include preventive,
diagnostic, and treatment services related to obesity; indirect costs
relate to morbidity and mortality costs.
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The pyramid of economic costs
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These economic costs related to obesity hit on multiple levels, starting
from the base of pyramid the overweight or obese person him/herself,
his/her employment, the family to the community, to the city level, to
the state level, the national level, and the global international level.
All these levels have a common pathway of economic destruction with
shifting the resources from being used for human welfare like education,
health care of manageable diseases and building the infrastructures in
community in need.
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At an individual level, obese people are subjected to a well-known major
health problems related to obesity including, but not limited to,
hypertension, osteoarthritis, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary
heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, sleep apnea and respiratory
problems, and some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon). These
morbidities are associated with very high medical costs for treatment of
these problems or their complications. Unfortunately, almost all obese
people have a combination of more than one of these health issues.
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Obesity and obesity-related conditions result in $62.7 billion in doctors
visits and $39.3 billion in lost workdays each year. Type 2 diabetes, for
example, has the highest contribution with an estimated $98 billion per
year in health care costs because of its links with other health issues
such as coronary artery diseases, renal diseases, hyperlipidemia and
stroke.
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Effect on life
.
The effect of obesity is not limited to health problems only, but it
encompasses all aspects of these individuals daily living activities at
home and travel. An example of this is the reflection of obesity on fuel
consumption. In the 1990s, Americans average weight increased by 10 lb,
which meant that airlines spent $275 million on fuel costs in one year to
account for that average increase in weight. This made some airlines
require obese people or people who may take up more than one seat to buy
an adequate number of seats on the flight.
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More recently, researchers found that nearly 1 billion additional gallons
of fuel are consumed annually in the United States as a result of average
passenger weight increases since 1960. They concluded that 0.7% of the
fuel consumed by passenger vehicles annually can be attributed to the
rising prevalence of obesity since 1960. Although this fraction seems to
be small, it can be translated into a large amount of money loss when one
considers the increasing cost of gasoline.
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snip
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