medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture

Today (16. September) is the feast day of:

Cornelius, pope (d. 253) and Cyprian of Carthage (d. 258). Cornelius and Cyprian are named together in the Roman and the Ambrosian canons of the Mass. From at least the sixth century (and quite likely from some time in the earlier fourth century; see under CYPRIAN, below) until the beginning of the fifteenth century -- and perhaps later in some places that didn't get the memo -- their joint feast in the Roman Rite was celebrated on 14. September, also the feast day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. Since then it has fallen on 16. September, though editions of the Roman Martyrology, which began in the late sixteenth century, have continued to enter them under 14. September, their reported _dies natalis_ in different years. Only with the revision of 1748 did the RM begin to carry a notice of the joint feast on 16. September. The earlier eighteenth-century book whose order of daily saints underlies Matt's posts omits Cornelius. The present notice includes him as well.


I) CORNELIUS. Pope St. Fabian died in January 250 at the outset of the Decian persecution. For the next fourteen months the Roman church was governed by a collective of presbyters and deacons whose spokesman was the learned presbyter Novatian. In March 251 a new bishop of Rome was elected and the choice fell not to Novatian but rather to the presbyter Cornelius. Novatian's supporters refused to accept this and instead had their candidate consecrated by three south Italian bishops. Opinions differ as to whether there were at this time any difference between the two on the treatment of apostates who now wished to return to the Church. But the schism, if had not turned on this point from the outset, soon came to be defined in this light, with the Novatianists refusing re-admittance, and Cornelius and his supporters, who in time came to include bishops St. Cyprian of Carthage and Dionysius of Alexandria, opting for re-admittance after penance.

In 252, under Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus (who otherwise are not known to have persecuted), Cornelius was arrested and relegated as a prisoner to Centumcellae (today's Civitavecchia [RM]). Cyprian of Carthage's letter to him after this arrest makes it plain that Cornelius alone had been singled out for repression and imagines him as leading the way to glory (_Ep._ 60: _dum praecedis ad gloriam_). The catalogue of Rome's bishops from Peter onward provided a century later by the Chronographer of 354 (the so-called Liberian Catalogue) says that after a pontificate of two years, three months, and ten days Cornelius passed away at Centumcellae with glory (_ibi cum gloria dormitionem accepit_); the phrasing does not suggest a death by execution. The Chronographer's less than exhaustive _Depositio martyrum_ omits him. In about 380 St. Jerome in his version of Eusebius' _Chronicle_ treats Cornelius a martyr.

Until its revision of 2001 the Roman Martyrology included in its elogium of Cornelius an assertion that he perished under Decius, having been beaten with leaded or leaden objects and then decapitated along with twenty-one others including Sts. Cerealis and Sallustia, husband and wife, whom Cornelius is said to have instructed in the faith. The ultimate source for this is their latter's legendary Passio (BHL 1964), whose gist was echoed in the _Liber Pontificalis_ and in the early medieval historical martyrologies and which may have been inspired in part by phrasing in the aforementioned letter of St. Cyprian expressing the conviction that Cornelius will have many companions in glory (_multos gloriae comites_). As far as we know, that never happened. Even Novatian, who -- as Cyprian observes -- as the head of a Christian church should have suffered as well, remained free.

Cornelius was buried in the crypt of Lucina in the cemetery of Callistus. He is the earliest pope known to have had a Latin-language inscription on his grave slab:
http://www.webalice.it/paolorodelli/Catacombe/foto18.jpg
Cornelius' principal relics are now in Santa Maria in Trastevere, where in the twelfth-century apse mosaic he is depicted at St. Peter's immediate left (see in "period-pertinent images", below). In probably the earlier ninth century the abbey of the Holy Savior on the Inde then near Aachen -- the site is now _in_ Aachen -- received relics of Cornelius, perhaps already including cranium for which it was later famous. Gradually the abbey became known by the latter's name (hence the locale's Modern German toponym _Kornelimünster_). In 875 Charles the Bald translated relics of Cornelius from Rome to Compiègne. In 1137 relics believed to be Cornelius' came to the Premonstratensian abbey at today's Ninove (Oost-Vlaanderen) where they too became the focus of pilgrimage. The similarity between the first part of his name and the standard Latin word for horn (_cornu_) helped make him a patron saint of matters involving cattle.


II) CYPRIAN. We know about Cyprian chiefly from his own writings, supplemented by a closely posthumous Vita by his deacon Pontius (BHL 2041) and by the so-called _Acta proconsularia_ of his trial in 258 (many versions: BHL 2037-2038q, 2038t-2040). Rhetorically well educated and wealthy, he was in 248, two years after his conversion to Christianity, elected bishop of Carthage, the paramount Christian diocese in Latin-speaking Africa. Cyprian distributed his wealth to the poor, continued his theological study, administered his church, and wrote treatises and letters outlining theological positions. During the Decian persecution he went underground and continued to write; in its aftermath his was a major voice for the readmission of apostates after penance and against recognition of sacraments performed by _lapsi_ and others not in communion with the Church.

In August of 257, during the Valerianic persecution, Cyprian was exiled to the coastal city of Curubis (the name is a proparoxytone). A year later he was returned for trial in consequence of a new edict calling for the execution of bishops, presbyters, and deacons who would not sacrifice to the gods of the Roman state. He was convicted on 14. September and executed forthwith. The _Depositio martyrum_ of the Chronographer of 354 gives that day as his feast day and the cemetery of Callistus as its place of celebration at Rome. As that cemetery is where Cornelius had been laid to rest after his translation from Centumcellae, the possibility exists that their joint feast already existed at the time of the _Depositio martyrum_'s composition but that for some reason it was not so recorded in this list. St. Jerome (_De viris illustribus_, 66) notes that two died on the same day, though in different years.


Some period-pertinent images of Cornelius and Cyprian:

a) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted (second and third from left) in the heavily restored later sixth-century mosaics (ca. 560) in the nave of Ravenna's basilica di Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (image greatly expandable):
http://tinyurl.com/q32nf75

b) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted in a damaged later sixth-century fresco (? betw. 561 and 574) next to Cornelius' tomb in Rome's cemetery of Callistus:
http://www.parrocchie.it/roma/sancipriano/santi%20cipriano%20%20e%20cornelio.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/q66hq3t
Detail view (Cornelius) showing the fresco's location at the tomb:
http://tinyurl.com/o35hq33

c) Cornelius (third from right) as depicted in the mid-twelfth-century apse mosaic (1140-1143) in Rome's basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere:
http://tinyurl.com/2dolqm4
Detail view:
http://www.bogoslov.ru/data/2013/02/21/1235628103/15.jpg

d) Cornelius as depicted (martyrdom; two companions) in a late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the _Legenda aurea_ (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol. 127v):
http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ds/huntington/images//000929A.jpg

e) Cornelius as depicted (martyrdom; two companions) in an earlier fourteenth-century copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (ca. 1326-1350; Paris, BnF, ms. Français 185, fol. 255v):
http://tinyurl.com/nfq2swj

f) Cornelius as depicted (baptizing St. Blesilla) in an earlier fourteenth-century copy (ca. 1335) of books 9-16 of Vincent of Beauvais' _Speculum historiale_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Arsenal 5080, fol. 160r):
http://tinyurl.com/pbelmc8

g) Cornelius as portrayed in his later fourteenth-century silver and gold head reliquary (ca. 1360) in the Abtei St. Benedikt von Aniane und Papst Cornelius in Aachen's locality of Kornelimünster:
http://tinyurl.com/psanugd
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/108469712.jpg

h) Cornelius and Cyprian (panel at right) as depicted in a late fourteenth- or fifteenth-century triptych in the pieve dei Santi Cornelio e Cipriano (a.k.a. pieve di Codiponte) in Casola in Lunigiana (MS) in Tuscany:
http://tinyurl.com/oq724yh

i) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted in an earlier fifteenth-century missal of western German origin for the Use of Köln (ca. 1401-1425; London, BL, Egerton MS 3018, fol. 92r):
http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=11684
http://molcat1.bl.uk/IllImages/Kslides%5Cbig/K064/K064089.jpg

j) Cornelius as depicted (image at left; martyrdom; image at right: St. Euphemia) in an earlier fifteenth-century copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay followed by the _Festes nouvelles_ attributed to Jean Golein (ca. 1401-1425; Paris, BnF, ms. Français 242, fol. 211v):
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8426005j/f438.image

k) Cornelius as portrayed on an earlier fifteenth-century pilgrim's badge in pewter almost certainly from Ninove (ca. 1401-1450; for a later specimen see item q below) in the Cloisters Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York:
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/470520

l) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted in an early fifteenth-century breviary for the Use of Paris (ca. 1414; Châteauroux, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 2, fol. 330v):
http://tinyurl.com/33e9gzv

m) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted in the earlier fifteenth-century Hours of Catherine of Cleves (ca. 1440; New York, The Pierpont Morgan Library, ms. M.917, p. 247):
Static image: https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8257/8602838371_8c12b19ee9_b.jpg
Greatly expandable image: http://tinyurl.com/oauxhwx

n) Cornelius as depicted (at center between Sts. Anthony of Egypt and Mary Magdalene) by Stefan Lochner in an earlier fifteenth-century panel painting (ca. 1445) in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich:
http://www.wga.hu/art/l/lochner/catherin.jpg

o) Cornelius as depicted (panel at left; baptizing St. Blesilla) in a later fifteenth-century copy (1463) of Vincent of Beauvais' _Speculum historiale_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 51, fol. 3r):
http://tinyurl.com/olb8qbc

p) Cornelius as depicted by the Master of the Boston City of God in the Suffrages of a later fifteenth-century book of hours from Utrecht (ca. 1470; Den Haag, KB, ms. 131 G 4, fol. 154r):
http://manuscripts.kb.nl/zoom/BYVANCKB%3Amimi_131g4%3A154r_init

q) Cornelius as portrayed on a later fifteenth-century pilgrim's badge in pewter from Ninove (ca. 1475; for an earlier specimen, see item k above) in the Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht:
http://www.catharijneverhalen.nl/3579/nl/cornelis
Greatly expandable view:
http://www.catharijneverhalen.nl/attachment/3579

r) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted (martyrdoms) in a late fifteenth-century breviary for the Use of Langres (after 1481; Chaumont, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 33, fol. 423v):
http://www.enluminures.culture.fr/Wave/savimage/enlumine/irht6/IRHT_097026-p.jpg

s) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted in a late fifteenth-century Roman breviary of French origin (after 1482; Clermont-Ferrand, Bibliothèque du patrimoine, ms. 69, fol. 549v):
http://tinyurl.com/374lyyp

t) Cyprian as depicted (author portrait) in a later fifteenth-century copy of Roman origin of his _Epistolae_ (ca. 1485; Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 1659, fol. 1r):
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84467896/f9.image

u) Cyprian as depicted (at upper left) in a hand-colored woodcut in the Beloit College copy of Hartmann Schedel's late fifteenth-century _Weltchronik_ (_Nuremberg Chronicle_; 1493) at fol. CXXIv:
http://www.beloit.edu/nuremberg/book/6th_age/left_page/25%20%28Folio%20CXXIv%29.pdf

v) Cornelius and Cyprian as portrayed on Cornelius' late fifteenth-century copper-gilt and silver-gilt reliquary shrine (before 1499; restored, 1861) in the Kirche St. Cornelius und Cyprian in Lippborg, a locality of Lippetal (Kr. Soest) in Nordrhein-Westfalen:
1) Cornelius: http://tinyurl.com/p8dj9v8
2) Cyprian: http://tinyurl.com/ozr73bn

w) Cornelius as depicted by Jan Baegert in a late fifteenth- or early sixteenth-century panel painting, from the predella of a dismembered altarpiece, in the Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ana_sudani/8738199011
Detail view:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ana_sudani/8739318408/

x) Cornelius (upper register, presenting an abbot of Kornelimünster) as depicted in an early sixteenth-century glass window panel (ca. 1505-1508) formerly at the abbey of Mariawald and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjr1961/4114544060

y) Cornelius as depicted in an earlier sixteenth-century glass window panel (ca. 1520-1521) formerly at the abbey of Mariawald and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London:
http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O64908/st-cornelius-panel-master-of-st/

z) Cornelius and Cyprian as depicted by the Master of Messkirch on panels from a dismembered earlier sixteenth-century altarpiece (ca. 1535-1540) in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart:
1) Cornelius: http://tinyurl.com/otd3vxd
2) Cyprian: http://tinyurl.com/qg9223n

Best,
John Dillon
**********************************************************************
To join the list, send the message: subscribe medieval-religion YOUR NAME
to: [log in to unmask]
To send a message to the list, address it to:
[log in to unmask]
To leave the list, send the message: unsubscribe medieval-religion
to: [log in to unmask]
In order to report problems or to contact the list's owners, write to:
[log in to unmask]
For further information, visit our web site:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/medieval-religion