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medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (24. December), the Vigil of the Nativity, is the feast day of:
All the holy ancestors of Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham, son of Adam, that is, the Fathers who were pleasing unto God, who were found just and who died according to the faith, and from whom Christ was born according to the flesh...
That's my translation of the bulk of the first elogium for today in the new RM (2001), where previously one found an entry for the Vigil of the Nativity. Some might think that this elogium's use of exclusively masculine-gendered terminology to refer to those from whom Christ was born according to the flesh signals either an unusually weak grasp of human reproductive biology or else a studied relegation of women to a position of inferiority. Perhaps to counter such impressions, Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy and elsewhere follow tradition in calling this feast a Memorial of Saints Adam and Eve and of all the holy ancestors of Jesus Christ ('Santi Adamo e Eva e tutti i santi antenati di Gesù Cristo'), sometimes shortened on diocesan websites to just 'Adamo e Eva' (vel sim.).
With that in mind, herewith some late antique and medieval images of Adam and Eve:
a) Paintings in the Roman catacombs:
http://tinyurl.com/9yjhrn
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_&_Eve_02.jpg
Possibly this as well (figures identified as Adam and Eve seated at left; figures identified as Cain and Abel standing at right):
http://tinyurl.com/yhpnke
There was some discussion of that scene in 2011; Jim Bugslag's informed and cautious contribution is here:
http://tinyurl.com/bmc8sb7
b) Relief (fourth-century), sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Città del Vaticano, Museo storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro (Adam and Eve second from left, lower register):
http://tinyurl.com/yaahak
Detail view (Adam and Eve):
http://tinyurl.com/2ftl7a3
c) Relief (fourth-century), Sarcophagus of Lot, in Rome's Catacombe di San Sebastiano:
http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/catacombs/adam.html
d) Manuscript illumination (earlier sixth-century), Vienna Genesis (Vienna, ÖNB, cod. theol. gr. 31):
http://idr.seieditrice.com/files/2009/09/immagine10918.jpg
e) Molded brick (sixth-century), formerly at the église Saint-Martin, Vertou (Loire-Atlantique), now in the Musée départemental Dobrée in Nantes:
http://tinyurl.com/2dokkgo
f) Manuscript illumination (sixth- or seventh-century), Ashburnham Pentateuch (Paris, BnF, ms. Nouvelle acquisition latine 2334, fol. 6r):
http://tinyurl.com/ybk8szk
g) Manuscript illumination (earlier ninth-century), Moutier-Grandval Bible (London, British Library, MS Add. 10546, fol. 5v):
http://tinyurl.com/2b6stoj
h) Reliefs (early tenth-century), north facade, church of the Holy Cross, Akdamar (Aghtamar, Akhtamar) Island in Lake Van (Van province) in eastern Anatolia:
http://tinyurl.com/3ymmxd
http://tinyurl.com/yq7xut
i) Relief, Muiredach('s) Cross (tenth-century), St. Buithín’s monastery, Monasterboice (Co. Louth), lowest panel above the base (Adam and Eve at left, followed by Cain and Abel):\(http://tinyurl.com/8fpgam)
http://tinyurl.com/8fpgam
Detail view:
http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/muiredach/eastfallabel.jpg(http://www.bluffton.edu/%7Esullivanm/muiredach/eastfallabel.jpg)
j) Manuscript illumination (ca. 950-955), Escorial Beatus (San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Biblioteca del Real Monasterio, Cod. & II. 5, fol. 18r):
http://tinyurl.com/2tjumn
k) Ivory panels (Byzantine; tenth- or eleventh-century), now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York:
http://tinyurl.com/79al4z3
http://tinyurl.com/7lp43eu
l) Bronze plaques (ca. 1015), "Bernward's Door", Dom St. Mariä Himmelfahrt, Hildesheim:
http://tinyurl.com/cp3lwas
http://tinyurl.com/cnj8r64
m) Mosaic (Anastasis; earlier eleventh-century; restored between 1953 and 1962) in the narthex of the katholikon of the monastery of Hosios Loukas near Distomo in Phokis:
http://tinyurl.com/2bn6m5z
http://tinyurl.com/y8wg4a3
n) Mosaic (Anastasis; mid eleventh-century) of the Anastasis in the katholikon of the Nea Moni on Chios:
http://tinyurl.com/2akm4zb
Detail view (Adam and eve):
http://tinyurl.com/29zmpkn
o) Manuscript illumination (Harrowing of Hell; mid-eleventh-century), Winchester Psalter (London, British Library, Cotton MS Nero C IV, fol. 24r):
http://tinyurl.com/yzbj5wk
p) Manuscript illumination (eleventh-century), Bible of Sant Pere de Roda (Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 6 (1), fol. 6r):
http://tinyurl.com/yjok7y2
q) Ivory casket (Byzantine; eleventh- or twelfth-century), Cleveland Museum of Art:
http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1924.747
r) Manuscript illumination (eleventh- or twelfth-century) in an homiliary of north Italian origin (Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 792, fol. 72r):
http://tinyurl.com/yal46ck
s) Capital (late eleventh- or early twelfth-century; restored), in the choir of the abbatiale de Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Loiret), a.k.a. Fleury:
http://tinyurl.com/2jamqe
http://www.art-roman.net/stbenoit/stbenoit62x.jpg
t) Capital (ca. 1100), iglesia de San Martín, Frómista (Palencia):
http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/artesp/obras/20484.htm
http://tinyurl.com/ylzsqpj
u) Reliefs (1099-1106) by Wiligelmus, facade of the basilica cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, Modena:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/23885476@N00/180823556/lightbox/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/23885476@N00/180823558/lightbox/
http://www.wga.hu/art/w/wiligelm/modena4.jpg
Detail views:
http://www.scenaillustrata.com/public/IMG/jpg/fig07.jpg
http://www.bramarte.it/romanico/img/scu1.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/yk6co5
http://tinyurl.com/cmq5k68
v) Manuscript illumination (late eleventh- or early twelfth-century) in an illustrated Bible (Genoa, Biblioteca civica Berio m.r. Cf 3.7, c. 4v):
http://tinyurl.com/28hdab
w) Fresco (early twelfth-century) from the iglesia de la Vera Cruz, Maderuelo (Segovia), now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid:
http://tinyurl.com/2mjard
Detail view:
http://www.romanicoaragones.com/MAN/MPrado%20G09.jpg
x) Relief, lintel fragment (ca. 1125) attributed to Gislebertus, from the north portal, cathédrale Saint-Lazare, Autun, now in the adjacent Musée Rolin:
http://tinyurl.com/2j9eju
y) Manuscript illuminations (earlier twelfth-century) in a copy of Jacob of Coccinobaphi, _Orationes encomiasticae in SS. Virginem Deiparam_ (Paris, BnF, ms. Grec 1208, fols. 47r, 49v):
http://tinyurl.com/yfh7o64
http://tinyurl.com/yhv5lvx
z) Reliefs (1138) by Maestro Niccolò, facade of the basilica di San Zeno (San Zeno Maggiore), Verona (scroll down to "Creazione di Adamo"; three reliefs):
http://www.arte-argomenti.org/saggi/nicolo.html
aa) Capital (ca. 1140), crypt of the basilica di San Zeno (San Zeno Maggiore), Verona:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/smbtravels/5084878549/lightbox/
http://www.thais.it/scultura/image/ALTE/SR033.htm
bb) Capital (twelfth-century), église de Notre-Dame, Chauvigny (Vienne):
http://tinyurl.com/38zc4g
cc) Capital (twelfth-century), cloister of the cathédrale Sainte-Eulalie-et-Sainte-Julie, Elne (Pyrénées-Orientales):
http://www.ipernity.com/doc/bernard-petit34/6206574
Closer view:
http://tinyurl.com/a7nwwd8
dd) Capitals (twelfth-century), collégiale de Saint-Pierre et Saint-Gaudens, Saint-Gaudens (Haute-Garonne):
http://tinyurl.com/28s53f
ee) Capitals (mid-twelfth-century), cloister of the monasterio de Santa María, Estíbaliz (Álava):
http://tinyurl.com/2afyan
ff) Mosaic floor (1163-65), cattedrale della Santissima Assunta, Otranto, details:
http://www.stilearte.it/fileup/riviste_upspace/3otranto.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/29ys825
gg) Mosaic floor (later twelfth-century), presbytery of the cattedrale di San Nicola Pellegrino, Trani, detail:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/28433765@N07/3019248888/
hh) Mosaics (later twelfth-century), cattedrale di Santa Maria la Nuova, Monreale:
http://tinyurl.com/ydxobeb
http://tinyurl.com/24nzq4a
http://tinyurl.com/2ax46lc
http://tinyurl.com/2ejeaee
ii) Capital (later twelfth-century), église Saint-Bénilde, Thuret (Puy-de-Dôme):
http://tinyurl.com/8hrkx9k
http://tinyurl.com/8tjp7fu
jj) Reliefs (later twelfth-century) on the frieze of the cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Castor, Nîmes:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wm_archiv/3317121680/lightbox/
Detail view:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomas46/5232569411/lightbox/
kk) Glass window (late twelfth-century), cathedral and metropolitical church of Christ, Canterbury:
http://tinyurl.com/ye7zspd
Other Ancestors of Christ from the same program:
http://tinyurl.com/yaa8zk7
ll) Capital (late twelfth- or early thirteenth-century) from the cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, Parma, now in the Museo Nazionale di Parma:
http://tinyurl.com/25sdev
mm) Fresco (ca. 1200), Wallfahrtskirche St. Magdalena, Gschnitz (Land Tirol):
http://www.sagen.at/doku/calendar/images/adam_eva.jpg
nn) Glass window (Creation and Good Samaritan; betw. 1205 and 1215), cathédrale de Notre-Dame, Chartres, panel depicting the Fall:
http://tinyurl.com/c3yhhf2
A hyperlinked schematic of the window as a whole:
http://tinyurl.com/d2wdqb2
oo) Glass window panel (early thirteenth-century), cathedral of St Mary, Lincoln (photographs by Gordon Plumb):
http://vidimus.org/issues/issue-28/panel-of-the-month/
pp) Manuscript illumination (ca. 1220), Bible (Reims, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 34):
http://tinyurl.com/2ggbqm
http://tinyurl.com/yvy8mu
http://tinyurl.com/2gat8s
Mise-en-page:
http://tinyurl.com/yrenws
qq) Reliefs (betw. 1220 and 1236) on the trumeau of the south portal of the west front, cathédrale de Notre-Dame, Amiens:
http://tinyurl.com/cpdwagn
http://tinyurl.com/cjqh6g3
http://tinyurl.com/bv76hha
http://tinyurl.com/cvohnow
http://tinyurl.com/d8q9x65
http://tinyurl.com/cgw9nsb
rr) Mosaics (ca. 1220-1240), Genesis cupola, basilica cattedrale di San Marco, Venice (A. and E. in the outer circle; use the zoom feature and start at lower left):
http://www.museumplanet.com/tour.php/venice/sm/66
Another expandable view:
http://tinyurl.com/2cejf3m
Detail view (Adam naming the beasts):
http://tinyurl.com/24rclvm
Detail view (creation of Eve):
http://tinyurl.com/d2r4sm3
Further views of Adam and Eve as depicted in these mosaics will be found on this page from www.orthodoxy-icons.com:
http://tinyurl.com/6ogy4h4
ss) Manuscript illumination (earlier thirteenth-century), Lilienfeld Bible (Lilienfeld [Niederösterreich], Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 188):
http://idr.seieditrice.com/files/2009/09/immagine10917.jpg
tt) Statues (1240) by Magister Raduanus, main portal, katedrala Sv. Lovre, Trogir:
Adam:
http://tinyurl.com/38tfk7r
Eve:
http://tinyurl.com/35ph5uo
uu) Relief (thirteenth-century) attributed to Sarolus of Muro Lucano, south wall, cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, Rapolla:
http://www.basilicata.cc/paesi_taddeo/t_664/p_f300/03/96a69.jpg
vv) Frescoes (thirteenth-century; "restored", nineteenth cent.), Church of St. Agatha, Easby (N. Yorks):
http://www.paintedchurch.org/easbygen.htm
ww) Mosaic (betw. 1270 and 1300), cupola of the battistero di San Giovanni, Florence:
http://tinyurl.com/3y2kap
xx) Glass window panel (ca. 1280), Stadtkirche St. Dionys, Esslingen am Neckar:
http://www.denkmalpflege-seiten.de/essling/english/fen02b.html
yy) Fresco (detail of the Anastasis; late thirteenth- or very early fourteenth-century) attributed to Manuel Panselinos, Protaton church, Mt. Athos:
http://tinyurl.com/29ucscq
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/2dyoyvf
Expandable views of fresco portraits of Forefathers in this church, likewise attributed to Manuel Panselinos, are here (look for 'propatoras' or 'propatores' in the legends):
http://www.eikonografos.com/album/thumbnails.php?album=25&page=18
http://www.eikonografos.com/album/thumbnails.php?album=25&page=19
http://www.eikonografos.com/album/thumbnails.php?album=25&page=20
zz) Fresco (betw. ca. 1313 and 1320; Eve at left, Adam at center) by Michael Astrapas and Eutychios in the dome of King's Church (dedicated to Sts. Joachim and Anne) in the Studenica monastery near Kraljevo (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/cbpvljc
The rest of this register in the dome frescoes is devoted to other Forefathers. Expandable detail views are accessible from here:
http://tinyurl.com/cph9s26
aaa) Fresco (Anastasis; betw. 1315 and 1321), apse of the parecclesion of the Chora Church (Kariye Camii; now a secular museum), Istanbul:
http://tinyurl.com/yeojlvs
bbb) Reliefs (earlier fourteenth-century), Genesis pier, facade of the cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, Orvieto:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brunello2412/4289216244/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brunello2412/4288499729/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Orvieto060.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brunello2412/4289257428/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brunello2412/4288530821/
ccc) Terracotta relief (1334-36) by Andrea Pisano, formerly on the belltower of the cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, now in the Museo dell'Opera del duomo:
http://tinyurl.com/2fnnhd
ddd) Fresco (detail of the Anastasis; 1330s), church of the Hodegetria in the Patriarchate of Peć at Peć in, depending upon one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/2drcobt
eee) Fresco (betw. 1335 and 1350) in the narthex of the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending upon one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/7kt4yjq
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/7y6bocd
fff) Frescoes (betw. 1335 and 1350) in the parecclesion of St. Demetrius in the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending upon one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija (views are expandable):
http://tinyurl.com/ybxwyr2
http://tinyurl.com/ycqpdaj
ggg) Manuscript illumination (ca. 1340), Anjou Bible (Leuven / Louvain, Maurits Sabbe Bibliotheek, K. U. Leuven, ms. 1):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliodyssey/6410884775/sizes/o/
hhh) Reliefs (after 1354), north portal, Münster, Freiburg im Breisgau:
http://tinyurl.com/cknvwnm
http://tinyurl.com/cht4f3j
http://tinyurl.com/d4svm2v
http://tinyurl.com/cfscgmq
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wolf-rabe/5266008638/lightbox/
http://tinyurl.com/cozkp7p
iii) Fresco (1378) by Theophanes the Greek, church of the Transfiguration in Ilin Street, Veliky Novgorod:
http://tinyurl.com/7wo6yse
jjj) Fresco (betw. 1375 and 1400), Vester Broby kirke, Sorø kommune (Sjælland):
http://tinyurl.com/c7tqude
kkk) Manuscript illumination (ca. 1405) in a copy of the _Histoire du Saint Graal_ (Paris, BnF, ms. Arsenal 3479, fol. 109r):
http://tinyurl.com/yg6gka5
lll) Terracotta relief (1407) attributed to Donatello, now in the Museo dell'Opera del duomo, Florence:
http://tinyurl.com/2g3fpw
http://www.umilta.net/donatadameve1.jpg
mmm) Manuscript illuminations (early fifteenth-century) in a copy of St. Augustine's _De civitate Dei_ in its French-language version by Raoul de Presles (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 21, fols. 40v, 29r):
http://tinyurl.com/yzv7t4g
http://tinyurl.com/yfmqo8a
nnn) Fresco (ca. 1427) by Masaccio, Brancacci chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence:
before restoration:
http://tinyurl.com/2keku7
after restoration:
http://tinyurl.com/2srr9x
ooo) Panel paintings (1432) by Jan van Eyck, altarpiece, cathedral of St. Baaf / Bavo, Gand / G(h)ent, Adam and Eve at upper left and right, respectively:
http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg
ppp) Gilded bronze plaques (1425-1452) by Lorenzo Ghiberti, made for the east doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence and now in the Museo dell'Opera del duomo there (the images are expandable):
http://tinyurl.com/7emvrr
A brief English-language account, with expandable views of modern replicas now on the doors:
http://tinyurl.com/4ms6tb
A larger view of one of those replicas:
http://tinyurl.com/8q5woy
qqq) Frescoes (fifteenth-century), All Saints Church, Broughton (Cambs):
http://www.paintedchurch.org/brougcex.htm
rrr) Fresco (betw. ca. 1460 and ca. 1480), Dråby kirke, Over Dråby, Roskilde kommune (Sjælland):
http://tinyurl.com/czsjgzk
sss) Glass window panels (betw. 1500 and 1517), Death of Christ window, Church of St. Mary, Fairford (Glos), Adam and Eve at lower right:
http://tinyurl.com/yccp9ye
ttt) Frescoes (1511[?]; restored, 1972), Astrup kirke, Århus kommune (Østjylland):
http://tinyurl.com/2azvwn6
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/d4ptmkz
uuu) Glass window panel (earlier sixteenth-century), Creation window, Church of St Neot, St Neot (Cornwall; photograph by Gordon Plumb):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/4005703073/
Best wishes to all in this holiday season,
John Dillon
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