medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (26. December) is the feast day of:
Stephen, protomartyr (d. ca. 34-40). We know about S. from Acts (6:1 through 8:3; 11:19). A critic of the Temple, he was stoned to death, as seen
a) in this manuscript illumination in the mid-ninth-century Drogo Sacramentary from Metz (Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 9428, fol. 27r):
http://tinyurl.com/ydertou
b) in this manuscript illumination in the late tenth- or very early eleventh-century so-called Menologion of Basil II (Città del Vaticano, BAV, cod. Vat. gr. 1613):
http://tinyurl.com/26838c2
c) in this manuscript illumination in a late tenth- or earlier eleventh-century troper (betw. 996 and 1024) from Autun (Paris, BnF, ms. Arsenal 1169, fol. 6v):
http://tinyurl.com/22pw74f
d) in this manuscript illumination in a late eleventh-century gradual of French origin (Paris, BnF, Latin 18010, fol. 38v):
http://tinyurl.com/ylno64r
e) on an earlier twelfth-century capital at Autun's cathédrale Saint-Lazare:
http://tinyurl.com/ybesxe
f) in this earlier twelfth-century illumination in an homiliary now at Cambrai (Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 528, fol. 120v):
http://tinyurl.com/9j9sfg
g) in two panels from ca. 1215 in the now mostly nineteenth-century Martyrdom of Stephen window in the cathedral of Bourges (more on this church below):
http://www.medievalart.org.uk/bourges/10_pages/10_panel_17.htm
http://www.medievalart.org.uk/bourges/10_pages/10_panel_18.htm
The window as a whole:
http://www.medievalart.org.uk/bourges/10_pages/10_key.htm
h) at lower right in the mid-thirteenth-century tympanum of the west portal of the Sankt Stephansmünster in Breisach am Rhein (more on this church below):
http://tinyurl.com/2em2g4r
i) in this manuscript illumination from ca. 1250-1260 in a gradual for the Use of the abbey of Notre-Dame at Fontevrault (Limoges, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 2, fol. 28v):
http://tinyurl.com/8wrg2b
j) in this manuscript illumination from 1266 in an Epistles for the Use of Cambrai (Cambrai, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 190, fol. 10v):
http://tinyurl.com/75scok
k) in this panel of a full-page later thirteenth-century manuscript illumination in a psalter for the Use of Reims (Carpentras, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 0077 (\1), fol. 172v):
http://tinyurl.com/7o9fx9
l) in this manuscript illumination in the late thirteenth-century (ca. 1285-1290) Livre d'images de Madame Marie (Paris, BnF, ms. Nouvelle acquisition française 16251, fol. 76r):
http://tinyurl.com/2e2dk4x
m) in this manuscript illumination (view expandable) in a late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the _Legenda aurea_ (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol. 8v):
http://tinyurl.com/2d4wxfl
n) in this fresco from 1324 by Bernardo Daddi in Florence's basilica di Santa Croce:
http://www.wga.hu/art/d/daddi/stephen.jpg
o) in this manuscript illumination in an earlier fourteenth-century French-language collection of saint's lives (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 185, fol. 76v):
http://tinyurl.com/267p2nm
p) in this fresco cycle from ca. 1335-1350 in the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending on one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/yfdrw7b
q) in this relief of ca. 1375 in the cloister of the basilique Saint-Trophime at Arles:
http://tinyurl.com/2arudlg
r) in this fresco cycle from ca. 1448 by Beato Angelico in the Vatican's Cappella Niccolina (the stoning is depicted on the east wall):
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/a/angelico/10/index.html
s) in this manuscript illumination from ca. 1480-1490 in a copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 244, fol. 29r):
http://tinyurl.com/ygddhgu
and as intimated in
t) this panel painting by Giotto from ca. 1320-1325, now in the Museo Horne in Florence:
http://www.wga.hu/art/g/giotto/z_panel/3polypty/11polypt.jpg
u) in this column sculpture in Vienna's late medieval cathedral (dedicated to S.; more on this church below):
http://tinyurl.com/2afpd5h
v) in this earlier- to mid-fifteenth-century window in the Church of St Michael, Doddiscombsleigh (Devon; photo by Gordon Plumb):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/3638965015/
w) in this vault painting (ca. 1450) in Överselö kyrka on the island of Selaön (Södermanlands län; near Strängnäs):
http://tinyurl.com/2g9y2v
x) in this portrait in Carlo Crivelli's Demidoff Altarpiece (1476), now in the National Gallery, London:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:St-stephen.jpg
Note the dalmatic: S. is traditionally thought of as a deacon. Orthodox churches celebrate this feast tomorrow (27. December). The Vatopaidi monastery on Mt. Athos has what is said to be part of S.'s skull:
http://www.rel.gr/photo/displayimage.php?album=9&pos=11
SOME OTHER IMAGES OF S.:
a) S. as portrayed in a mid-eleventh-century mosaic in the katholikon of the Nea Moni on Chios:
http://tinyurl.com/2crudnp
b) S. as depicted in an early twelfth-century mosaic (ca. 1108-1113) in the cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv/Kiev:
http://tinyurl.com/24b8adg
c) S. as portrayed in a late twelfth-century silver gilt wooden reliquary statue of French origin, now in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (the first view is by Genevra Kornbluth):
http://www.kornbluthphoto.com/images/StephenReliquary1.jpg
http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_3_2_2a.html
d) S. as depicted (at right) in an earlier thirteenth-century (ca. 1200-1225) choir clerestory window in the cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Bourges (photograph by Gordon Plumb):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/4271679429/
e) S. as depicted (1208/09) on the iconostasis of the church of the Theotokos in the Studenica monastery near Kraljevo (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/yej7jyd
f) S. as depicted (at left; St. Demetrius at right) in 1219 in the monastery of Žiča near near Kraljevo (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/ykyz3al
g) S. as depicted (later 1230s) in the Mileševa monastery near Prijepolje (Zlatibor dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/ydsz8mg
h) S. as depicted in the later thirteenth-century frescoes (ca. 1253-1270) in the proskomede area of the church of the Holy Trinity at Sopoćani (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/2e56hrd
http://tinyurl.com/28bz5lj
i) S. as depicted (ca. 1300; attrib. to Manuel Panselinos) in the Protaton church on Mount Athos:
http://tinyurl.com/24lfdhf
http://tinyurl.com/2fwc49d
j) S. (at right; at left, St. Romanus the Melode) as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco (betw. ca. 1313 and 1320) in the diaconicon of the King's Church (dedicated to Sts. Joachim and Anne) in the Studenica monastery near Kraljevo (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/38nvnl5
k) S. as depicted (betw. 1335 and 1350) in the prothesis of the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending on one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/ylpytr2
l) S. as portrayed in a late thirteenth- or early fourteenth-century head reliquary from the Benedictine abbey of Santo Stefano near Monopoli (BA) in Apulia, now kept in the chiesa di Santa Maria la Greca at Putignano (BA), also in Apulia:
http://tinyurl.com/32ty3ch
m) S. as depicted in a panel painting by Vincenzo Foppa (later fifteenth-/early sixteenth-century), now in the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg:
http://www.wga.hu/art/f/foppa/1stephen.jpg
In 415 S.'s purported remains were discovered in Jerusalem, an event commemorated in the feast of the Finding of the Relics of St. Stephen (3. August; removed from the general Roman Calendar in 1960; in Orthodox churches, this feast falls on 15. September). On 26. December of the same year most of these relics were translated to Jerusalem's church of Holy Sion. As is frequently the way of important relics, they have since multiplied. In the earlier fifth century they were translated to Constantinople. Rome's circular church of Santo Stefano al (Monte) Celio, also known as Santo Stefano Rotondo, was erected in the latter half of the fifth century to hold (some of) them. Originally designed in the form of a Greek cross enclosing within its arms three concentric circles, each higher than the next, in its outline and dimensions it recalls Jerusalem's church of the Holy Sepulchre. Considerably modified over time, it is now dedicated to St. Stephen of Hungary.
A few illustrated, English-language accounts of this church are here:
http://tinyurl.com/kem9t
http://tinyurl.com/7725du
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Rotondo
http://www.essential-architecture.com/ROME/RO-021.htm
An illustrated, Italian-language account:
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Rotondo
Some exterior views:
http://ujember.katolikus.hu/Archivum/2001.11.04/1605.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/r4ym8
http://tinyurl.com/jvnxl
Some interior views (fairly recent but preceding the restoration of 2006/07) :
http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/wassell/ArchMath/Unit5/stefano_my.htm
http://tinyurl.com/p9so8
http://tinyurl.com/eneud
A view of the rotunda from September 2006 (with the restoration underway):
http://tinyurl.com/t9zft
A view from early 2007 (with the restoration completed):
http://tinyurl.com/2bptdd
Marjorie Greene's Shutterfly views of this church are here:
http://medrelart.shutterfly.com/activityfeed/184
The invention of S.'s relics and their translation to Constantinople are the subject of this window from ca. 1215 in the cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Bourges (second view courtesy of Gordon Plumb):
http://www.medievalart.org.uk/bourges/15_pages/15_key.htm
http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/4249373446/
OTHER DEDICATIONS TO S.:
Some views of the originally earlier ninth-century former church of Hagios Stephanos (also Agioi Teodoroi, now Fatih Camii [mosque of the Conqueror]) in Zeytinbaği (formerly Trilye and Triglia) in Turkey's Bursa province:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/caner/3175064694/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sinandogan/4750260304/
http://www.pbase.com/sabbilsel/image/49099416
http://www.pbase.com/sabbilsel/image/49099418
This older exterior view perhaps affords a clearer recognition of the building's cross-in-square plan:
http://www.thais.it/architettura/Bizantina/highres/Foto_191.htm
Interior views showing Byzantine capitals:
http://galeri.netfotograf.com/fotograf.asp?foto_id=286677
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cybermacs/4179615222/
http://www.thais.it/architettura/Bizantina/highres/Foto_192.htm
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cybermacs/4179590734/
Some views of the originally late ninth- or early tenth- to early fourteenth-century church of Hagios Stephanos at Kastoria in the homonymous northwestern Greek prefecture and of its frescoes:
http://tinyurl.com/yeqqv35
http://tinyurl.com/yazetv3
http://tinyurl.com/ye6ue9w
http://www.pbase.com/pbatchou/image/67207964
http://tinyurl.com/ykz2eg3
http://tinyurl.com/ya8pad7
http://tinyurl.com/yddz3dd
Two views of the eleventh-century apses on the east end of the much rebuilt church of Sveti Stefan at Nes(s)ebar in Bulgaria:
http://www.traveljournals.net/pictures/146111.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/9285757@N06/1233103388/sizes/l/
An illustrated, English-language page on the originally eleventh-century église Saint-Etienne at Vignory (Haute-Marne):
http://tinyurl.com/23eooq
An English-language page on the mostly later eleventh-century église Saint-Étienne at Caen:
http://tinyurl.com/2jrgys
Several sets of views:
http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/caen/hommes.html
http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menufrance/caeetie.html
http://tinyurl.com/3c7epx
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne_(Caen)
An illustrated, Spanish-language page on the originally twelfth- or early thirteenth-century iglesia de San Esteban at Cuéllar (Segovia):
http://tinyurl.com/2zq7qe
Another view of the chevet:
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/3496496.jpg
Illustrated, English-language pages on, and other pages of views of, the originally late twelfth- to early fourteenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Bourges:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral
http://tinyurl.com/8pdj4b
http://tinyurl.com/77xjon
http://tinyurl.com/ydjahgu
The originally twelfth- to fourteenth-century chiesa di Santo Stefano in Verona (incorporating remnants of a late antique predecessor of the same dedication):
Brief English-language account:
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/15cbca/
Italian-language account with expandable views:
http://tinyurl.com/7deoas
Other views:
http://tinyurl.com/76xf4x
http://tinyurl.com/9wdjym
A page of views of the originally twelfth- to fifteenth-century iglesia de Sant Esteban in Betren (Lleida):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dtodaf/sets/72157608263028995/
Some illustrated, German-language pages on the originally late twelfth- to late fifteenth-century Sankt Stephansmünster in Breisach am Rhein (Lkr. Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald) in Baden-Württemberg:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisacher_Stephansm%C3%BCnster
http://www.badische-seiten.de/breisach/st-stephansmuenster.php
http://tinyurl.com/2fcy6ul
http://www.joerg-sieger.de/isenheim/texte/hinweis/i_04f.htm
An illustrated, English-language site (separate pages for plans, exterior, interior) on the originally twelfth- to sixteenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Sens:
http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menufrance/sensmain.html
West facade:
http://tinyurl.com/2budu7
An illustrated, Spanish-language page on the originally thirteenth-century iglesia de San Esteban in Segovia:
http://www.1romanico.com/004/monumentoa.asp?monu=000739
Other views:
http://tinyurl.com/yab6slt
http://tinyurl.com/ycu7hzl
http://tinyurl.com/y99l62q
http://tinyurl.com/y8d3et6
An illustrated, French-language site and other illustrated pages on the originally mostly thirteenth- to early sixteenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Châlons-en-Champagne (until fairly recently, Châlons-sur-Marne):
http://www.cathedrale-chalons.culture.fr/
http://tinyurl.com/2cgdyrg
http://tinyurl.com/2en3vmo
http://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/sets/72157623163129437/
Illustrated, English-language and French-language pages on the originally thirteenth- to sixteenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Auxerre, built over an eleventh-century crypt:
http://www.wfu.edu/~titus/auxcath.htm
http://tinyurl.com/yudzxv
Illustrated, English-language and French-language pages on the originally thirteenth-/sixteenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Metz:
http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menufrance/metzmain.html
http://tinyurl.com/2y4qry
A set of expandable views begins more than 3/4 of the way down the page here:
http://nau-dee.blogspot.com/
Two illustrated, Spanish-language pages on the originally late thirteenth-/early fourteenth-century iglesia de San Esteban in Burgos:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Esteban_(Burgos)
http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/tesoros/monumentos/492.htm
Other views:
http://tinyurl.com/yetatbc
http://tinyurl.com/y8ns8lh
The originally thirteenth- to early seventeenth-century cathédrale Saint-Étienne at Toulouse:
Illustrated, French-language site (separate pages for history, exterior, interior):
http://saint.etienne.tlse.free.fr/historique.html
Illustrated, French-language page:
http://tinyurl.com/37h5ys
Illustrated, English-language page:
http://tinyurl.com/37vogc
An illustrated, German-language page on the originally fourteenth-/fifteenth-century Sankt Stephanskirche in Tangermünde (Lkr. Stendal) in Sachsen-Anhalt, replacing a twelfth-century predecessor:
http://tinyurl.com/7ec5j7
Other views:
http://tinyurl.com/7djl22
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3283/2943849693_532ffb9eaa_o.jpg
http://images.suite101.com/262653_st.stephan174.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/7dcbba
Views of Venice's originally fourteenth-/fifteenth-century chiesa di Santo Stefano, replacing a thirteenth-century predecessor of the same dedication:
http://tinyurl.com/y4rxt7
http://tinyurl.com/9lfyc6
http://rosswarner.com/pict5996.html
http://tinyurl.com/75ep94
Two illustrated, English-language accounts of Vienna's originally fourteenth- to sixteenth-century Domkirche Sankt Stephan, badly damaged in World War II and since largely rebuilt:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephansdom
http://www.silhouette-vienna.com/stephens-cathedral.htA multi-page, German-language site on this church (also illustrated):
http://www.stephansdom.at/dom.htm
Other views:
http://www.phototravels.net/vienna/vienna-stephansdom-photos.html
http://www.pbase.com/bauer/st_stephan_cathedrale
http://tinyurl.com/y6fbjg
http://tinyurl.com/23z5xj8
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/943103.jpg
Happy Feast of Stephen to all,
John Dillon
(last year's post revised)
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