medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (31. December) is the feast day of:
Sylvester I, pope (d. 335). Bishop of Rome from 314, S. occupied the see of Peter for most of the reign of Constantine I. He attended neither the Synod of Arles (314) nor the Council of Nicaea (325), sending instead representatives to these major assemblies. Little else is known about him as pope, though one can suppose that he will have had some hand in the design of the major Roman churches endowed by Constantine. S. was buried in the cemetery of Priscilla on the Via Salaria. In late antiquity he had a _titulus_ in the vicinity of, perhaps beneath, today's San Martino ai Monti, whose full titulature is Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. In 762 his remains were removed to the later much rebuilt church that now is known as San Silvestro in Capite; in 1601, when the present structure was being consecrated, these (along with the remains of two other popes) were re-interred under the high altar.
S.'s being such a blank historically may have had a lot to do with the ease with which legends about his relationship with Constantine took hold from the fifth century onward. In their standard form, S. had fled from persecution by the pagan emperor Constantine and was in hiding on Mount Soracte (in Italian, Soratte; the limestone massif that dominates the Tiber valley north of Rome) when C. sought his aid in curing the leprosy with which he was now afflicted. S. descended from the mountain and healed the emperor, who in gratitude converted to Christianity, was baptized by S. in the Lateran Baptistery, and then richly endowed the Roman church. In the early Middle Ages this supposed endowment came to include a grant of supreme temporal power in the western territories of the empire, the so-called Donation of Constantine.
In 747 the Frankish king Carloman retired to Mt. Soracte, where he either expanded an already existing monastery (one is attested from the late sixth century) or established a new one. In either event, he was subsequently viewed as the imperial founder of the monastery of St. Stephen located on the upper reaches of this height overlooking the Tiber plain and Rome. This house lasted until the nineteenth century: remaining now are its restored twelfth-century church and some fragments of other structures. A brief, illustrated, Italian-language account of what's now called the eremo di San Silvestro and of its crypt is here:
http://www.avventurasoratte.com/storia%20cultura.htm
Aerial view:
http://www.peticone.it/images/ved-s.silvestro.jpg
Front:
http://tinyurl.com/yhqgtb
http://www.santoreste.it/img/gallery/san_silvestro.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/yjfnhs3
Rear:
http://tinyurl.com/kne5t
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/13643815.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/yfjzmp
Rear, plus a side seldom photographed:
http://tinyurl.com/2a2mbs4
Interior:
http://tinyurl.com/37zljnk
http://tinyurl.com/23fz7v3
http://tinyurl.com/26d5sl4
http://tinyurl.com/2cx2osb
San Silvestro: a ghostly presence?:
http://tinyurl.com/2crk8ph
One may compare the present austerity of that site with the richness of the papal chapel dedicated to S. at Rome's fortified church of Santi Quattro Coronati. Here are some expandable views of the chapel's cosmatesque floor and of its frescoes of 1246 depicting scenes from the legend of S. and Constantine:
http://www.giovannirinaldi.it/page/rome/santiquattro/
Some details of the frescoes:
1) C.'s messengers approaching S. on Mt. Soracte:
http://www.giovannirinaldi.it/page/rome/santiquattro/image17.htm
2) C. transferring temporal power (symbolized by the tiara) to S.:
http://www.maryfalco.altervista.org/img/san_silvestro.jpg
3) C. holding the bridle of S.'s horse; S. wearing the tiara:
http://www.giovannirinaldi.it/page/rome/santiquattro/image25.htm
The late twelfth-century belltower of Rome's San Silvestro in Capite:
http://tinyurl.com/2nrhpv
FURTHER DEPICTIONS OF S.:
S. baptizing Constantine as depicted in the upper roundel of the opened left wing of the later twelfth-century (ca. 1156) Stavelot Triptych, a reliquary in the possession of the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York:
http://tinyurl.com/36vovks
S. (at far right) as depicted in an eleventh-century mosaic in the altar area of the cathedral of St. Sophia in Ohrid:
http://tinyurl.com/2emjneh
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/2eg9que
S. (at far right) as depicted in a probably later twelfth-century mosaic in the sanctuary of the basilica cattedrale della Trasfigurazione, Cefalù:
http://tinyurl.com/2gay98y
S. (at left) in the late twelfth-century apse mosaics of the cattedrale di Santa Maria la Nuova, Monreale:
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3164/2575093180_0101779142_b.jpg
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/29kuzze
S. as depicted (many times) in the thirteenth-century St. Sylvester window in Bay 8 of the cathédrale Notre-Dame, Chartres (image greatly expandable):
http://tinyurl.com/33wkgzj
Key:
http://drckenyon.ohiolink.edu/handle/2374.KENY/3741
A set of views of this window's panels:
http://tinyurl.com/2v87tp9
S. as depicted with Constantine in two panels (C3, C4) of a mid-thirteenth-century ambulatory window (Bay 108) of the cathédrale Saint-Julien, Le Mans:
http://tinyurl.com/26t97yp
http://tinyurl.com/28yofaj
The entire window:
http://tinyurl.com/27pqy5d
S. as depicted in a thirteenth-century menaion from Cyprus (Paris, BnF, ms. Grec 1561, fol. 7v):
http://tinyurl.com/24gjd7z
S. as depicted (at right, over the door) in the later thirteenth-century frescoes (ca. 1263-1270) in the monastery church of the Holy Trinity at Sopoćani (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/3xx2zaj
S. (at left; St. Servatius at right) as depicted in the late thirteenth-century (ca. 1285-1290) Livre d'images de Madame Marie (Paris, BnF, ms. Nouvelle acquisition française 16251, fol. 87r):
http://tinyurl.com/yfmvotg
In legend, S. overcame a noxious, diabolic serpent (_draco_) whose lair was beneath the Roman Forum and restored to health two pagan priests who had been overcome by its vapors. An expandable view of S. dominating this satanic beast (usually shown as a dragon) as depicted in a late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the _Legenda aurea_ (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol. 13v):
http://tinyurl.com/3946mgr
A Latin text of the corresponding passage in the _Legenda aurea_ is here:
http://tinyurl.com/77jxt2
And an English-language version is here:
http://www.fisheaters.com/customschristmas6.html
Another version of that scene occurs in the fragmentarily preserved thirteenth-century apse frescoes in the crypt of the chiesa di San Silvestro at Alatri (FR) in southern Lazio (no. 2 in the dedications to S. noted below):
http://www.laziosud.net/ciociaria/alatri/Alatri,_S_Silvestro.jpg
S. baptizing Constantine as depicted in the late thirteenth-century (ca. 1290-1295) Breviary of Philip the Fair (Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 1023, fol. 283r):
http://tinyurl.com/27lscav
S. as depicted in the earlier fourteenth-century frescoes (betw. ca. 1313 and 1320) in the King's Church (dedicated to Sts. Joachim and Anne) in the Studenica monastery near Kraljevo (Raška dist.) in Serbia:
http://tinyurl.com/26z2ou9
http://tinyurl.com/ye2jcxq
S. as depicted in the earlier fourteenth-century frescoes (1330s) of the altar area of the church of the Hodegetria in the Patriarchate of Peć at Peć in, depending on one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/ybw86hf
S. (at left; next to him, St. Alexander of Alexandria) as depicted, in a representation of the First Ecumenical Council, in the earlier fourteenth-century frescoes (betw. 1335 and 1350) in the narthex of the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending on one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/y96krb3
S. and the _draco_ as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco (1340) in Maso di Bianco's scenes from S.'s life in the Cappella Bardi di Vernio in Florence's basilica di Santa Croce:
http://latin.bestmoodle.net/media/silvdragon.jpg
S. (at right; pope St. Miltiades at left) in an earlier fourteenth-century copy (1348) of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 241, fol. 58r):
http://tinyurl.com/ybmv2u9
S. (at far right) with Helen and Constantine before/during the latter's conversion, S. and the _draco_, S. baptizing Constantine, and S.'s death as depicted in four earlier fifteenth-century panel paintings on S. by Battista da Vicenza (active betw. 1404 and 1438), now in the Musei Civici in Vicenza:
http://www.museicivicivicenza.it/file/foto2g-10486.jpg
http://www.museicivicivicenza.it/file/foto2g-10487.jpg
http://www.museicivicivicenza.it/file/foto2g-10488.jpg
http://www.museicivicivicenza.it/file/foto2g-10489.jpg
S. as depicted in a later fifteenth-century (1476) Missal for the Use of Salzburg (Universitätsbibliothek Salzburg, MS. M III 12, fol. 160v):
http://www.ubs.sbg.ac.at/sosa/handschriften/MIII12(160vb).jpg
S. displaying the Tablets of the Law to the disease-stricken Constantine as depicted in a later fifteenth-century copy of the _Chronique dite de Baudouin d'Avesnes_ (Paris, BnF, ms. Français 279, fol. 219v):
http://tinyurl.com/y9vycb9
S. (at far left, holding the Tablets of the Law) as depicted in the later fifteenth-century apse frescoes (variously attributed to Leonardo da Bressanone or to his follower Simone da Tesido) of the chiesa/chiesetta di San Giorgio / St. Georgskirche in Tesido/Taisten (BZ) in the South Tirol:
http://tinyurl.com/3xdxayk
FURTHER DEDICATIONS TO S.:
1) The originally ninth-century St. Sylvesterkapelle in Goldbach, a _Stadtteil_ of Überlingen (Lkr. Bodenseekreis) in Baden-Württemberg. Situated on a tiny peninsula extending into the Bodensee (Lake Constance), this chapel is noted for its partly preserved Carolingian and Ottonian frescoes. S. may not have been the initial titular: Walter Berschin has argued that this structure was the chapel dedicated to St. Marcianus of Tortona whose founding is celebrated by Walafrid Strabo in his _carmen 68_. Herewith an illustrated, German language-page and some other views:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvesterkapelle_%28Goldbach%29
http://www.flickr.com/photos/89543661@N00/2582970655/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/89543661@N00/2582970647/
http://tinyurl.com/36gqdno
2) S.'s partly ninth-century chiesa di San Silvestro in Trieste (Waldensian since 1927):
http://www.itccarli.it/immagini/cmsilv.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/ytvlbx
http://www.carbonaio.it/immagini%20trieste%20-%20citt%E0%2021.htm
3) The originally late tenth-/early eleventh- to twelfth-/thirteenth-century ermita de Sant Silvestre in Valleta (Llançá), Catalunya, consecrated in 1029:
http://www.monestirs.cat/monst/aemp/cae27silv.htm
http://en.wikiloc.com/34039/292312/67642.jpg
http://eu.wikiloc.com/34039/292312/67641_full.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/423103.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/11029314.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/ykqgn4g
4) The originally late tenth-century chiesa di San Silvestro at Alatri (FR) in southern Lazio, enlarged in 1331 and frescoed then and later:
Illustrated, Italian-language account:
http://tinyurl.com/yq5ox5
Facade view:
http://tinyurl.com/yv8gzj
5) The originally eleventh-century chiesa di San Silvestro in Viterbo (VT) in northern Lazio (post-medievally re-dedicated as the chiesa del Gesù):
http://tinyurl.com/yznqbk7
This is thought to have been the church in which in 1271 the brothers Guy and Simon de Montfort murdered Henry, son of Richard of Cornwall, in revenge for the death of their father, Simon de Montfort, at the battle of Evesham in 1265. Henry is said to have been slain at the altar along with two clerics who had attempted to protect him. The perpetrators were excommunicated and Guy found a place in Dante's _Inferno_ (canto 12, verses 115-120).
6) The originally eleventh-century abbey church of San Silvestro at Collepino di Spello (PG) in Umbria:
http://tinyurl.com/2628kn
An English-language account with an interior view occurs about halfway down the page here:
http://www.aaanetserv.com/turismo/umbria/it_benedettino_4.html
7) A major monument to S. is the church of what until its suppression in 1769 was his abbey at Nonantola (MO) in Emilia just north of the kingdom of Italy's border with the papal state. One of medieval Italy's great monasteries, the abbey was founded in the mid-eighth century by a brother-in-law of the Lombard king Aistulf and housed remains of two sainted popes, S. (relics are said to have been presented by pope Stephen II) and Adrian III (died here in 885). In 1117, the church was severely damaged by an earthquake; what one sees today is an imaginative modern restoration (1913-21) of the structure as rebuilt in the twelfth century plus its better preserved eleventh-century crypt. A few views in color follow:
http://www.emmeti.it/Welcome/Emilia/ProvModena/Nonantola/
http://tinyurl.com/er2eg
http://www.mondimedievali.net/Edifici/Emilia/images/nonantol01.jpg
http://www.tibethouse.net/celebrazioni/immagini/nonantola_big.jpg
A view of the rear prior to restoration:
http://tinyurl.com/2pk8hl
The Italia nell'Arte Medievale page on this church (but the site, alas, is still off-line):
http://tinyurl.com/yzz8pu
Two pages of black-and-white views from the Courtauld, mostly details of the famous sculptures on the portal, are here:
http://tinyurl.com/7snpg
8) San Silvestro at Vicenza (VI) in the Veneto. The abbey church of a dependency of Nonantola, this building was consecrated in 1128 and was expanded in about 1200. It was reworked in the sixteenth century and was secularized in the early nineteenth, when the property became a military barracks. The already dilapidated church was badly damaged by bombing in World War II. An initial phase of reconstruction took place in the 1950s and another campaign ended in 2003. The building is now used as an exhibition gallery by the diocese of Vicenza's Associazione artisti per l'arte sacra. Two views:
http://www.artesacravicenza.org/sansilvestro.php
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3186/2717829735_edf7f8b35e.jpg
Several views (interior as well as exterior) are here:
http://www.archimagazine.com/azabyrne.htm
9) The twelfth-century fortified église Saint-Sylvestre de Montcalmès (Saint-Sylvestre-des-Brousses) in Puéchabon (Hérault), expandable views here:
http://route-romane.net/default.php?gzev=st_bk_269
and here (at foot):
http://tinyurl.com/yv8yh3
10) The originally late twelfth-century chiesa di San Silvestro at Bevagna (PG) in Umbria (portal dated 1195), subsequently modified. It was restored to its present appearance in in 1953/54. Some exterior views:
http://tinyurl.com/yzuf7t
http://www.jappita.com/images/upload/bevagna_480.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/ddx9w
Exterior and interior views:
http://tinyurl.com/38l898m
There are older black-and-white views, including some of the interior, here:
http://tinyurl.com/tmvvj
Other interior views:
http://tinyurl.com/2bot6pe
http://tinyurl.com/2ax7nx5
http://tinyurl.com/29xbku7
Views of the crypt:
http://tinyurl.com/2a4q4s5
http://tinyurl.com/23s59kc
http://tinyurl.com/2d239hy
The lower portion of the Italia nell'Arte Medievale page on Bevagna has quite a few expandable views of this church (but the site, alas, is still off-line):
http://tinyurl.com/439bzn
11) The originally late thirteenth-century St. Sylvesterkirche in Quakenbrück (Lkr. Osnabrück) in Niedersachsen with a later fifteenth-century choir (completed by 1470):
German-language accounts:
http://tinyurl.com/2zchjp
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sylvester_(Quakenbr%C3%BCck)
Exterior views:
http://tinyurl.com/2ed7l4
http://tinyurl.com/yr24de
http://tinyurl.com/yaf8z5h
12) The originally fourteenth-century chiesa di San Silvestro at L'Aquila (AQ) in Abruzzo (the facade is from 1539):
http://tinyurl.com/9wlllo
A page of expandable views (left click only) of damage suffered by this church in last year's terrible earthquake in the Aquilano:
http://tinyurl.com/y8f4of7
13) The originally fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Church of St Sylvester at Chivelstone (Devon):
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/519295
http://tinyurl.com/a5dqrf
http://tinyurl.com/7y9twz
http://tinyurl.com/a79qvd
http://tinyurl.com/8m5gdw
A brief description:
http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/Chivelstone/Stabb-Chivelstone.html
That pulpit hewn from an oak trunk:
http://tinyurl.com/6scamz
Best and happy Sylvester to all,
John Dillon
(last year's post revised)
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