medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (26. May) is the feast day of:
1) Eleuther(i)us, pope (d. ca. 189). Traditionally the thirteenth bishop of Rome after St. Peter, E. is said in the Liber Pontificalis to have come from Nicopolis in Epirus. He had been a deacon of the Roman church under pope St. Anicetus, whose successor pope St. Soter he succeeded in ca. 173. He was the pope to whom St. Irenaeus of Lyon in 177 or 178 brought a letter from the persecuted churches of Lyon and Vienne announcing their travails and at the same time urging the pope to tolerate the Montanist movement (which latter will then have had sympathizers in Gaul). It is thought that E. was the pope whom the pro-Montanist Tertullian says (_contra Praxeam_, 1. 5) initially wished to have good relations with Montanist-influenced churches in Asia Minor but afterward condemned that movement. The frequently encountered statement that E. died a martyr appears to have no reliable foundation.
Various legends have attached themselves to E. According to a version of the perhaps originally sixth- or seventh-century Passio of St. Felician of Foligno that was used medievally at Hamburg and at Minden (BHL 2850), E., recognizing Felician's promise, had his archdeacon and successor pope St. Victor I oversee the saint's Christian education. In both the _Liber Pontificalis_ and Bede's _Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum_ a British king named Lucius, wishing to be made a Christian, sent a letter to E. requesting that missionaries be sent to him; the request was granted. This story was differently elaborated in the late eighth- or early ninth-century Vita of St. Lucius of Chur (BHL 5024) and in Geoffrey of Monmouth's twelfth-century _Historia regum Britanniae_. For a modern retelling in which E. sends Welsh-named missionaries to St Mellons (in Cardiff) see:
http://tinyurl.com/3uj99z
Although scholars now think that E. died a confessor and that, like many early popes, he probably was laid to rest at Old St. Peter's on the Vatican, the church of Santa Susanna in Rome not only considers him a martyr but informs fact-starved readers of its English-language site that he was originally laid to rest in the catacombs. See:
http://www.santasusanna.org/ourUniqueHistory/popes.html
In 1587 Camilla Peretti, the sister of Sixtus V, moved remains believed to be those of E. and the actor-saint Genesius (a victim of the Great Persecution) from the church of San Giovanni della Pigna, where they had recently been discovered, to Santa Susanna, a church then under her patronage. Here's a view of the putative E.'s present resting place there (along with Sts. Susanna, Gabinus of Rome, Felicity of Rome, and Genesius):
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/51/147964549_80ff6d92c2.jpg?v=0
2) Priscus and companions (d. ca. 273, supposedly). P. is said in the (pseudo-)Hieronymian Martyrology to have been martyred at a place called Cociacus in the vicinity of Auxerre along with a large number of companions, at least some of whom came from Besançon. He has a legendary Passio (BHL 6930; perh. later eighth century) that makes him and his fellows victims of a persecution under Aurelian who later were buried secretly in a large cistern whose location was revealed later still to St. Germanus of Auxerre (d. 448) in a dream. A martyrology from Corbie (Paris lat. 5280), derived from an exemplar at Auxerre, attributes this Inventio to Auxerre's early seventh-century bishop Desiderius.
Cociacus has been identified with today's Saints-en-Puisaye (Yonne). The village of St-Bris le Vineux in the same département takes its name from its church, dedicated to P. and once possessing what the diocese of Sens-Auxerre accepts as having been the martyr's skull. Herewith a couple of views of the present church (twelfth-/sixteenth-century):
http://tinyurl.com/ytk2ug
http://tinyurl.com/2ddfl2
Have a Chablis in P.'s honor!
3) Desiderius of Vienne (d. ca. 608). One of the correspondents of pope St. Gregory the Great, D. was educated at Vienne, whose bishop he became in 596. The Frankish queen Brunhild, not amused by his his low opinion of the morals at her court, is said to have had him stoned to death. D.'s very first Vita (BHL 2148) was written by the Visigothic king Sisebut in 610 as a piece of anti-Merovingian propaganda. Prior to its revision of 2001, the RM entered D. under 23. May.
4) Pardus (7th cent. ?). This less well known saint of the Regno, the patron of Larino (CB) in Molise, is the subject of a brief _Vita et Translatio_ written by one Radoin, deacon of Larino, probably in the tenth or early eleventh century (BHL 6465) and printed in the _Acta Sanctorum from the _sanctorale_ of the chapter library at Bovino (FG) in Apulia. Two other early modern editions deriving from the same textual source show a text so editorially altered that they received their own BHL number (6464). This text was already mutilated when the three editions in question were made. The missing portion (the bulk of the conclusion) has since been recovered from extensive notes on the Bovino manuscript made in 1534 by the humanist scholar G. P. Ferretti and surviving among his autograph manuscripts in the Vatican.
Radoin can be dated by his reference to the Hungarian sack of Larino in 947 and by his Beneventan Lombard outlook, which seems to indicate composition prior to the eleventh-century Norman conquest of the rump principality of Benevento (less the city itself, which opted for papal rule instead). According to him, P. was a Greek bishop from the
Peloponnese who, evicted by heretics from his diocese, retired to Rome, declined on account of age and ill health to return when his repentant flock asked him to, and instead received papal permission to settle in Apulia. Traveling thither with a great company of admirers, he chose to live in Lucera and spent his last few years there as an hermit, dying not long before Contans II's destruction of Lucera (an actual event that occurred in 663).
Whereas Radoin _could_ be following local tradition in his dating of P.'s death, it is at least equally possible that that time was chosen as a prelude to the complicated tangle of translations between Lucera, Lesina, and Larino which he next narrates. In this tale of local rivalries, the people of the northern Apulian town of Lesina (settled from Lucera) appropriate the relics of Larino's martyrs Primianus and Firmianus (15. May); the people of Larino then discover P.'s relics in ruined Lucera and take them in compensation. Radoin's biographical details of P. seem ideally suited to that context: he is a saint of ecclesiastical dignity, suitably foreign (as so many early medieval south Italian patron saints were alleged to be), residing in -- but not bishop of -- the mother city of the town that had stolen Larino's own saints.
Larino's cathedral is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption and to P. A co-cathedral of today's diocese of Termoli-Larino, it is an architectural monument of at least regional distinction. See:
http://www.pagus.it/progetto/comuni/larino/cattedrale/
http://tinyurl.com/dhgph
http://tinyurl.com/23c95lk
http://tinyurl.com/26rzes9
The building was severely damaged by an earthquake on 4. November 2002 (an aftershock of the southern Molise/Capitanata earthquake of 31. October of that year).
For Radoin's _Vita et Translatio_ of P. see François Dolbeau, "Le legendier de la cathedrale de Bovino", _Analecta Bollandiana_ 96 (1978), 125-52, esp. pp. 126-29, 132, 144-45.
5) Guinizo of Montecassino (d. ca. 1050). This less well-known saint of the Regno was a Spaniard who become a monk at Montecassino. His present name form is down to Peter the Deacon; abbot Desiderius II (a.k.a. Bl. Victor III), writing some seventy-five years earlier, calls him Gumizo. G.'s sanctity was revealed when, while on abbey business at a smithy in Aquino, he miraculously retrieved with his bare hand a piece of hot iron that had fallen from the forge and presented it without injury to the smith. An ascete without appearing to be one, G. withdrew from the abbey and became an hermit during its unfortunate period of exploitation in the 1030s by Pandulf IV, prince of Capua, operating through the hated abbot Basil. His remains were later brought to the abbey, where they survived the Allied bombardment of 1944. G. has yet to grace the pages of the RM.
6) Berengar of Saint-Papoul (d. 1093). According to his brief, twelfth-century Vita (BHL 1181, 1182) by Flavius Anselmus, a monk of Bec, B. (in French, Bérenger) was a nobly-born native of the territory of Toulouse who made his profession at the monastery of St. Papulus in today's Saint-Papoul (Aude), where he lived very ascetically, served in various capacities, and was famous for miracles, mostly of the healing variety. He died on this day after a long illness and was buried outside the monastery church but near its entrance. Further miracles led to B.'s tomb's being enclosed by a wall to protect it against a _furtum sacrum_; still later but still seemingly well before the time of the Vita he was translated to within the church, where yet more miracles drew throngs of people. These continued to occur at least into the later fourteenth century; earlier in the same century Bernard Gui included B. in his _Sanctorale_.
The abbey church of Saint-Papoul became the seat of a diocese in 1317; it was sacked in 1361 and again in 1595. Some views of the church's twelfth-century chevet and of its apse sculptures by the Maître de Cabestany:
http://tinyurl.com/pd4rr4
http://tinyurl.com/oyeh75
http://tinyurl.com/pq8yfp
http://tinyurl.com/pe2rt3
http://tinyurl.com/pouvnv
http://tinyurl.com/qadyrn
http://tinyurl.com/qrvywf
The early fourteenth-century cloister:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dhaug/2696828742/sizes/o/
http://tinyurl.com/obx7su
http://tinyurl.com/onojbv
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo471019.htm
A ground plan:
http://architecture.relig.free.fr/images/papoul/plan.jpg
7) Lambert of Vence (d. 1154). According to his contemporary Vita (BHL 4695), L. was came from a noble family and was oblated at Lérins, where he was educated and made his monastic profession. In 1114 he was chosen bishop of Vence (in today's Alpes-Maritimes; the diocese was suppressed in 1801). L. was remembered for his sweetness of character and for his miracles. His cult was immediate. An illustrated, English-language page on Vence's former cathedral, which holds L.'s relics and which has an originally twelfth-century tower named for him, is here:
http://www.vence.fr/Our-Lady-of-Nativity.html
Best,
John Dillon
(matter from older posts lightly revised)
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