medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Today (10. March) is the feast day of:
1) Macarius of Jerusalem (d. prob. shortly before 334). M. was bishop of Jerusalem during the First Council of Nicaea. According to Eusebius (_Vita Constantini_ 3. 28), he found the Holy Sepulchre and was ordered by Constantine to erect an impressive church on the site. In a late fourth-century legend made canonical by Rufinus of Aquileia, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, he assisted St. Helena in the identification of the True Cross.
The Constantinian basilica of the Holy Sepulchre and its adjacent Rotunda over the Sacred Tomb are depicted in the sixth-century mosaic map of Jerusalem shown here:
http://www.christusrex.org/www1/jhs/TSspglor.html
A plan of the complex in its fourth-century state:
http://tinyurl.com/352o7e
Views of the Rotunda:
http://tinyurl.com/2fa3m3
http://tinyurl.com/yq9cv8
Orthodox icons of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross typically show a patriarch elevating that sacred relic. Modern versions often identify this figure as M. Earlier versions, such as this late fifteenth-century example from the cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod and this mid-sixteenth-century one from the church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Drohobych near Lviv, do not:
Novgorod icon:
http://tinyurl.com/c957nq
http://tinyurl.com/ddvjrb
Lviv icon:
http://198.62.75.5/www1/lviv/Gallery/Pictures/19.jpg
2) Simplicius, pope (d. 483). A native of Tivoli, S. succeeded pope St. Hilar(i)us in 468. Although we know of a couple of actions in which he asserted the authority of Rome in the West, the bulk of his extra-Roman activity concerned Eastern matters. S. was a committed defender of Chalcedonian orthodoxy against monophysites, whom he opposed at every turn. But when it came to the twenty-eighth canon of the Council of Chalcedon, which had elevated the patriarch of Constantinople to a position of _primus inter pares_ in the East, S.'s basic position was different. He refused the emperor Leo II's request that he confirm this canon and reproved the patriarch Acacius when the latter acted on his own authority to consecrate a patriarch of Antioch to succeed the murdered Stephen II.
In Rome, S. erected the church of Santa Bibiana (rebuilt in the seventeenth century by Bernini). Columns in the nave are said to be survivors from the building in its late antique form. Some are visible here:
http://tinyurl.com/24bde9
Marjorie Greene provides a clearer view of the base of one of these columns in the first of her Santa Bibiana photographs here:
http://medrelart.shutterfly.com/468
S. also built today's Santo Stefano al (Monte) Celio, a.k.a. Santo Stefano Rotondo. Originally designed in the form of a Greek cross enclosing within its arms three concentric circles, each higher than the next, in its outline and dimensions this church recalls the Rotunda of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Considerably modified over time, it is now dedicated to St. Stephen of Hungary. A few illustrated, English-language accounts of it are here:
http://tinyurl.com/kem9t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Rotondo
http://www.essential-architecture.com/ROME/RO-021.htm
and an illustrated, Italian-language one is here:
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Rotondo
Some exterior views:
http://ujember.katolikus.hu/Archivum/2001.11.04/1605.jpg
http://tinyurl.com/r4ym8
http://tinyurl.com/jvnxl
Some interior views (fairly recent but preceding the restoration of 2006/07):
http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/wassell/ArchMath/Unit5/stefano_my.htm
http://tinyurl.com/p9so8
http://tinyurl.com/eneud
A view of the rotunda from September 2006 (with the restoration underway):
http://tinyurl.com/t9zft
A view from early 2007 (with the restoration completed):
http://tinyurl.com/2bptdd
3) Droctoveus (d. ca. 580). We know about D. (also Droctovius, Droctonius; in French, Droctovée and Drotté) from a brief poem by Venantius Fortunatus to him while he was yet alive (_Carmina_, 9. 11), and from a ninth century prosimetric Vita by Gislemar, a monk of the abbey of the Holy Cross and of St. Vincent in Paris, that relies on the traditions of that house. He was a disciple of St. Germanus of Paris (or of Autun) while the latter was still head of the monastery of St. Symporian at Autun. When Germanus was made bishop of Paris he brought D. with him and in 858 he put him in charge of the newly created Parisian monastery of the Holy Cross and St. Vincent, endowed by Childbert I and Chlotar I and later known as St.-Germain-des-Prés.
Venantius Fortunatus addresses D. as one would a holy abbot (_Vir venerande... ) and speaks of him as intent on following Germanus (d. 576) to heaven. In all probability his cult was immediate. Usuard entered D. in his martyrology under today's date (according to Gislemar, his _dies natalis_; presumably the date of his feast at the abbey in the ninth century).
4) Attalas (d. 626 or 627). A. was the son of a Burgundian noble who saw to it that he was classically educated by the bishop of Gap in the French Alps. We know about him from his Vita by Jonas of Bobbio (BHL 742). Unhappy with his "worldly" studies, A. stole away from Gap along with two servants and became a monk at Lérins. Finding life there insufficiently strict, he next entered St. Columban's recently founded monastery of Luxeuil. When Columban, having run into difficulty with the Burgundian bishops and with the Burgundian monarchy, was forced to leave Luxeuil, A. joined other members of the community in following him into northern Italy. There, in 614, they established their influential monastery at Bobbio in the Appennines southwest of Piacenza. A. succeeded Columban as abbot and made himself unpopular with some through his insistence on strict discipline.
According to Jonas, A. while abbot raised from the dead a monk slain on the orders of the (still according to Jonas) demonically possessed Lombard king Arioald (an Arian) and followed this up by curing the king of his possession.
5) Wirnto of Vornbach (Bl.; d. 1127). W. had been a monk at St. Blasien in the Black Forest and then prior at Göttweig in Niederösterreich before becoming, in 1108, the second abbot at Vornbach (Vormbach, Formbach) in today's Neuhaus am Inn near Passau. In 1125 he bought from the count of Vornbach a castle that had formerly served as the comital residence. Moving the monastery to this site, he built an impressive basilica which he dedicated to the BVM. According to his late twelfth-century Vita formerly ascribed to Gerhoh of Reichersberg (BHL 8972), W. was a thaumaturge, operating several miracles including turning water into wine. He was beatified in the thirteenth century.
Best,
John Dillon
(Macarius of Jerusalem, pope Simplicius, Attalas, and Wirnto lightly revised from last year's post)
**********************************************************************
To join the list, send the message: join medieval-religion YOUR NAME
to: [log in to unmask]
To send a message to the list, address it to:
[log in to unmask]
To leave the list, send the message: leave medieval-religion
to: [log in to unmask]
In order to report problems or to contact the list's owners, write to:
[log in to unmask]
For further information, visit our web site:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/medieval-religion.html
|