Dear Karl and spm'ers, We want to analyze a PET study comparing two groups: 4 patients in group 1 and 16 in group 2. For each patient, there are two different conditions (Awake and Sleep) and one covariate. Furthermore, there is only one scan for each subject/condition. We would like to test for the differences between sleep and awake between the two groups. I have a few questions: (1.) If there was no covariate included, it seems that the contrast vector should be [1 -1 -1 ]. How does one adjust for the covariate? (2.) Is there a test for a covariate effect in SPM96? Thanks. Hernando Ombao U of Pittsburgh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%