Also worth examining in this context are: Le Goff, Birth of Purgatory - for the development of related ideas. C. McDannell, Heaven: a History (Yale, 1988) - I don't remember it's getting the best reviews, but it is in this area of discussion E. Gardiner, Medieval Visions of Heaven and Hell (Garland, 1993) - for early sources on this topic, including a Hell from which one can be set free. tom izbicki %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%