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Helga and others, I think the definition from ACNM is really useful: Normal physiologic childbirth • is characterized by spontaneous onset and progression of labor; • includes biological and psychological conditions that promote effective labor; • results in the vaginal birth of the infant and placenta; • results in physiological blood loss;22 • facilitates optimal newborn transition through skin-to-skin contact and keeping the mother and infant together during the postpartum period; and • supports early initiation of breastfeeding. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647729/ All the best Soo -----Original Message----- From: A forum for discussion on midwifery and reproductive health research. ######################################################################## To unsubscribe from the MIDWIFERY-RESEARCH list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=MIDWIFERY-RESEARCH&A=1