 |
 |
Now available online… Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/ La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale Volume 59, Issue 4, October 2017 Read this issue online at CJCCJ Online - <http://bit.ly/cjccj594> http://bit.ly/cjccj594 and at Project MUSE - <http://bit.ly/cjccj594pm> http://bit.ly/cjccj594pm ARTICLES The Relative Utilization of Criminal Sanctions in Canada: Toward a Comprehensive Description of Sentencing Outcomes Andrew A. Reid Canada's national statistics agency relies solely on counts, percentages, and measures of central tendency to report on sentencing outcomes in the country. While these techniques are familiar, simple to calculate, and easy to interpret, they each offer just one perspective. Consequently, important information may go unreported. This article proposes an alternative statistical approach – a relative utilization quotient – to offer an additional perspective. The technique is employed to calculate the extent to which criminal sanctions are used for a particular offence category, relative to their general use across all offence categories. Data from the adult component of the Integrated Criminal Court Survey (2013–14) are used to operationalize the technique in analyses covering five key categories of offences and a subset of detailed offence groupings. Results demonstrate that the relative utilization quotient reveals important patterns of sanction use and, when it is considered alongside conventional measurement strategies, a more complete understanding of sentencing outcomes may be obtained. Because of its valuable contribution and ease of calculation, it is argued that the strategy should be more widely adopted in studies of sentencing and criminal case processing. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594a> http://bit.ly/cjccj594a “Everybody Loves a Redemption Story around Election Time”: Rob Ford and Media Construction of Substance Misuse and Recovery Liam Kennedy and Jenna Valleriani The crack cocaine scandal that embroiled former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford presents an opportunity to explore how we think and talk about substance (mis)use and recovery. Examining 1,836 articles from four Canadian newspapers, we analyze the ways news media frame Ford's use of crack cocaine. We find that Ford's drug use was often linked to a police investigation into gangs and guns, and much was made of his association with “Somali” drug dealers. Not only does this framing perpetuate prevailing stereotypes (crack cocaine use by racialized individuals living in poor and violent communities), but also it encourages the public to consider drugs a criminal justice issue and contributes to the stigma associated with drug use. Moreover, news media repeatedly suggested that Ford's problematic drug use could be solved if he took a leave from his job and entered a treatment facility. However, Ford's refusal to express shame and seek immediate treatment made him unworthy of compassion and instead rendered him deserving of censure. We argue that news media promoting a narrow pathway to addiction recovery and redemption ignores the realities of problematic drug use and justifies the continued marginalization of those who fail to meet this strict code of conduct. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594b> http://bit.ly/cjccj594b Une analyse des qualités psychométriques du Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) à partir de la théorie des réponses aux items Guy Giguère and Patrick Lussier Andrews, Bonta et Wormith (2004) présentent le Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) comme un instrument de quatrième génération afin d'évaluer le risque de récidive criminelle et les besoins en intervention des personnes contrevenantes. La présente étude consiste en une analyse détaillée de la structure interne du LS/CMI fondée sur la théorie des réponses aux items afin d'en déterminer la validité prédictive. Elle a été faite à partir des données prospectives provenant d'un échantillon 17 651 hommes contrevenants suivis sur une période d'un an. L'analyse des réponses aux items indique que les items dynamiques du LS/CMI n'améliorent pas significativement la validité prédictive de l'outil. Les résultats montrent qu'à eux seuls, les items statiques s'avèrent aussi valides que les outils de troisième et de quatrième génération et que le retrait de plusieurs items, principalement dynamiques, n'affecte pas l'indice de validité prédictive. Finalement, les analyses psychométriques soulèvent des questions fondamentales quant à la validité de l'outil, mais également quant à son utilité auprès de personnes contrevenantes. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594c> http://bit.ly/cjccj594c Resisting the Right: Countering Right-Wing Extremism in Canada Ryan Scrivens and Barbara Perry Recent world events seem to have motivated renewed activity of and public attention to right-wing extremism, not only within a global context but in Canada as well. In a national study involving interviews with Canadian law enforcement officials, community organizations, and right-wing activists, paired with analyses of open source intelligence, we observed that the foundations of right-wing extremism are complex and multifaceted, grounded in both individual and social conditions. This suggests that so too must counter-extremist initiatives be multidimensional, building on the strengths and expertise of diverse sectors: law enforcement, certainly, but also education, social services, public health, youth workers, and victim service providers, to name a few. In this article, we suggest strategies intended to directly exploit identified patterns inherent in right-wing extremist groups and their environments to disrupt the growth and sustainability of those groups. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594d> http://bit.ly/cjccj594d RESEARCH NOTE Take-Home Naloxone Kit Distribution: A Pilot Project Involving People Who Use Drugs and Who Are Newly Released from a Correctional Facility Em M. Pijl, Stacey Bourque, Madison Martens, and Ashley Cherniwchan Due to a recent increase in opioid overdoses in Canada, new harm reduction strategies are emerging. One of these strategies is take-home naloxone (THN) kits for individuals who use drugs being released from correctional facilities. Given the efficacy of naloxone for overdose reversal, the distribution of this medication to drug users upon release from incarceration has the potential for an impact on the incidence of drug-related death among this population. This group is at risk of overdose post-release due to lowered opioid tolerance and drugs of unknown strength. In this article, we report on the findings of a THN kit program for newly released inmates. This pilot project embodied a strong collaborative spirit between a provincial corrections facility and a not-for-profit harm reduction agency. Due to the success of this pilot project, this program was rolled out provincially in correctional centres across Alberta, overseen by the provincial health authority. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594f> http://bit.ly/cjccj594f COMMENTARY From Defect to Dangerous: Has the Door Opened for Recognition of an Addiction-Based Defence in Canadian Criminal Law? Michelle S. Lawrence For purposes of liability assessment, Canadian criminal law proceeds on a simplistic conceptualization of addiction. It presumes that the continued use of drugs or alcohol on the part of an addict is willed and deliberate, without regard to the potential impact of neurobiological vulnerabilities or concomitant mental disorders that impair volition and self-control. Not surprisingly, as a result, there is no accommodation within the law of criminal responsibility for the clinical realities of accused persons with these conditions. Significantly, in its 2011 decision in R v Bouchard-Lebrun, the Supreme Court of Canada signalled a willingness to vary this approach. It suggested that, if there were a risk of future dangerousness on the part of the accused by reason of addiction, resort might be had to the defence of not-criminally-responsible-by-reason-of-mental-disorder (“NCRMD”), and the accused might then be diverted from the correctional system to the forensic psychiatric system. It is perhaps obvious that a treatment-oriented response in a health care setting would benefit individuals seeking to overcome addiction. Moreover, to the extent that substance use and criminality are linked, public safety surely would be enhanced through the supervision of recovering addicts under the terms of Part XX.1 of the Criminal Code. Care must nonetheless be taken. It would be a matter of serious concern if the defence of NCRMD came to be used – unwittingly perhaps – as an alternative pathway for the preventive detention of addict populations. <http://bit.ly/cjccj594e> http://bit.ly/cjccj594e CJCCJ Online The Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice publishes quarterly coverage of the theoretical and scientific aspects of the study of crime and the practical problems of law enforcement, administration of justice and the treatment of offenders, particularly in the Canadian context. Since 1958, this peer-reviewed journal has provided a forum for original contributions and discussions in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The CJCCJ emphasizes original scientific research. Recent issues have explored topics such as the Youth Criminal Justice Act, wrongful convictions, criminology research in Canada, and punishment and restorative justice. The Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice appeals to anyone needing to keep abreast of recent criminological findings and opinions: justice administrators, researchers and practitioners and academics. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice Online is a fully searchable electronic resource and includes a comprehensive archive of regular and special themed issues - including over 500 articles and reviews. <http://bit.ly/cjccj_online> http://bit.ly/cjccj_online <http://bit.ly/cjccjAoP> http://bit.ly/cjccjAoP Special issues - now available at CJCCJ Online Essays to Honour the Life and Work of Dr. Carol LaPrairie(CJCCJ 56:4, 2014) Antisocial Behaviour and the Automobile (CJCCJ 56:2, 2014) A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony N. Doob (CJCCJ 55:4, 2013) Articles Commemorating the Work of Jean-Paul Brodeur (CJCCJ 53:3) Symposium on Racial Profiling and Police Culture (CJCCJ 53:1) Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice is also available online at Project MUSE - <http://bit.ly/cjccjPM> http://bit.ly/cjccjPM Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Toronto Press — Journals Division 5201 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T8 Tel: (416) 667-7810 Fax: (416) 667-7881 Fax Toll Free in North America 1-800-221-9985 email: <mailto:[log in to unmask]> [log in to unmask] <http://www.utpjournals.com/cjccj/cjccj.html> www.utpjournals.com/cjccj utpjournals.metapress.com <http://www.facebook.com/utpjournals> www.facebook.com/utpjournals posted by T Hawkins, UTP Journals