Page 3: Continuum mechanics is a perpetuum mobile theory
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In order to assess Cauchy's theory properly it helps to
realize that
in all the 16 papers by Cauchy which I have studied I have not
found one
single mention of physical
work. That's too bad; he would have
found out all
by himself that he wrote a perpetuum mobile theory.
I have published three demonstrations to show that current
texbook
theory always leads to the conclusion that the work done in a
volume-neutral
deformation is zero
<www.elastic-plastic.de/koenemann2008-2.pdf>. (Today I
could quote a fourth source.) Why is this so?
All of classical physics (this side of Einstein &
Planck) can be
grouped into two very fundamental categories. Every system – a volume
in space
containing mass, e.g. a kinetic system with n bodies – contains a
certain energy
U. A process that does not change U is called conservative
since U is
"conserved", i.e. invariant. Commonly the system is isolated, which
means that
there is no exchange of mass or energy between system and surrounding
across the
system boundary.
The energy conservation law E_kin + E_pot = U = const defines a conservative
process.
Any process that observes this law will turn E_kin into E_pot and vice
versa;
the change is the work w. Hence all the work is done within the system. There is no exchange
with a
surrounding. Classical examples of a conservative process are the
revolution of
planets about the sun, or diffusion in water at rest at constant T.
If a process changes the system energy U, it is called
non-conservative. It requires that energy fluxes take place between
the system
and its surrounding across the system boundary. Thus we need a new
energy
conservation law that takes account of the fluxes; this is the First
Law of
thermodynamics, dU = dw + dq. Non-conservative processes may be
reversible or
irreversible. In this case the work is done upon
the system. It is commonly known as PdV-work.
The difference between a conservative and non-conservative
process
can be given by a simple mathematical condition.
- If there are no fluxes f, the divergence div f = 0. This is called the
Laplace
condition.
- If there are net fluxes f, the divergence div f = phi =/= 0. This is called
the
Poisson condition.
phi is the charge, which is a measure of the work done upon the system. Now, is elastic deformation a conservative or a non-conservative process? Clearly work is done upon the system such that it deforms, and energy is stored in the system, the elastic potential.
But it is well known, taught in every intro class, and
found in every
textbook, that the trace of the stress tensor tr s = s_11 + s_22 +
s_33 = 0 for
a volume-constant deformation. This is the Laplace condition. That is,
the no-work condition is solidly built into
Cauchy's stress
theory.
How could this happen? Very simply: in the
mid-18th C when
Euler thought about all this, Poisson's condition and the First Law of
thermodynamics were still many decades in the future. How could he
know that the
energy of a system can be a variable? That was understood only after
1845. The
only theoretical template Euler knew was Newton's mechanics which is rightfully conservative, but
unsuited
for any understanding of elasticity.
Today we would start by asking: is elasticity conservative
or
non-conservative? Of course the latter. Thus we would turn to
thermodynamics,
assume a system with a given amount of mass, e.g. one mol, and then
study the
energetic fluxes between system and surrounding. And we would use div
f = phi =/= 0 as a test to
see whether
we made a mistake – because it must be non-zero.
If the Gauss divergence theorem is the entrance gate into
potential
theory, the Laplace and Poisson conditions are its door wings.
Potential theory
is a wonderful and incredibly powerful theory, the backbone of all of
classical
physics, and the core of a myriad of methods in applied mathematics.
Continuum
mechanics has managed to ignore it completely and entirely.