Paul Bedford queried the possibility of steel making at Wortley. I put forward my findings upon the subject, and confirm that I think that the remains are of a reverboratory furnace, possibly for the purpose of melting pig iron. But, there again, it may have been one of the several puddling furnaces erected by James Cockshutt following his return from South Wales - possibly his first experimental furnace? At the Top Forge site it is possible that a small Foundry had been established, possibly for cast iron products and spare parts such as gear wheels for the Iron Works. In 1977, excavations at the south-west end of the Top Forge site revealed the foundations of what has been variously interpreted as being a steel cementation furnace, or an iron-melting reverberatory furnace. If the remains are of the former then this would bear out the claim of Schubert that John Cockshutt, either I or II, which one we are not quite sure, produced shear steel at Wortley in the middle of the 18th. century. The Cockshutt’s certainly used ‘German’ steel - otherwise known as Shear Steel - for the manufacture of drawing plates for their wire works on account of its hardness for drawing Steel wire. The remains, however, clearly show an end flue consistent with the arrangement of a reverberatory furnace and not a cementation furnace, and they are at the outer end of a building which has traditionally been known as ‘the Foundry’. Cockshutt could have obtained sufficient supplies of blister steel for his needs from the Grenoside cementation furnace that the Walkers had built during the period 1749-1750. His supply from Nether Bank and Bretton Furnaces would also ensure a ready amount of pig iron to remelt for cast iron production and other cast iron machinery products to be made ‘on site’. His Millwrights, David Burkinshaw and, later, Joel Jagger, were skilled moulding pattern makers, and indeed a ‘pattern maker’ was employed at the Top Forge site up until it closed down in 1908. However, the late Dr. Ken Barraclough, Secretary, and later President, of the Sheffield Trades Historical Society, wrote the following to members of the Council of Management of the South Yorkshire Trades Historical Trust in November 1976 upon the subject: 'The excavations at the end of the ‘Foundry’ building at Wortley Top Forge have revealed a structure plan which, merely judging by the fire attack on the walls adjacent, must have been a furnace. This furnace itself seems to be surrounded by walls which are not keyed into the adjoining building, which itself has been variously dated but in any case would seem not to be earlier than the Forge extensions themselves in 1713, and which may well be later. The inner furnace wall, as it may now be called since there would appear to be an outer retaining wall not yet excavated, shows a chute entry on the end nearest the road, this chute being blocked off at its end and at this stage by a stone built infilling in the wall below. Of the two long walls, the one nearer the river is intact but fire attacked; the opposite wall, however, has a large patch midway along it's length filled in with brick; this brick seems to be a similar type to that in the arch in the Foundry building end and could possibly be of late 18th. century date from it's appearance. The floor surrounded by these walls is generally of brick, which appears to be of a similar type to the above. There are, however, two rows of three stone blocks set symmetrically along the length; five of these carry two square holes each whilst the six has only one. Examination of the debris in the lower layers and in the channels between the stone blocks has provided charcoal, coal, a red powder high in iron oxide, fire-reddened pieces of sandstone, and a light slag, which seems to be partially fused brick. It has always been inferred that, in the period when the forge at Wortley was in the hands of the Cockshutts, considerable experimentation was carried out there and there are certainly references to steelmaking carried out by them (the Cockshutts), although it is not certain that this was at Wortley, although Schubert implies that this was so. Certainly the remains we have recently uncovered rather encourage the idea that we may well here have the evidence of such operations, particularly as the plan so revealed is strikingly similar to those on the attached illustration, which comes from ‘Siderotechnie’, a comprehensive treatise in French on iron and steel manufacture, published in Paris in 1812. This shows a number of cementation furnaces, among others those at Swalwell (Figure A, B, C, and D.) and a single chest furnace operating in Sheffield in 1767 (K. and I.). Those of paramount interest in this context are the two examples G/H and L/M, both of which show a chute at the end and built up piers of masonry. Such a furnace with a modified chimney structure, bringing the exit to the end of the structure so as to give the chimney ghost outline on the Foundry wall, would account for most of the features seen at Wortley.' Barraclough wrote an article published in the Journal of The Historical Metallurgy Society, vol. 11, No. 2, 1977, p. 88: Wortley Top Forge, the possibility of early steel production, in which he clearly states his opinion of the furnace remains. Illustrations of a possible design of the furnace were included. The reference in the above to Schubert is from page 329 (History of the British Iron and Steel Industry) where he, Schubert, writes: 'In the eighteenth century the principal production of shear steel was near to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, at Ambrose Crowley’s steelworks. Another centre was at Wortley in Yorkshire, where John Cockshutt took up the manufacture in the middle of the century, but the steel he made was not of such a high repute as Crowley’s. English shear steel, in particular Crowley’s, proved to be superior to contemporary German steel produced in Styria and the Tyrol and up to then imported in large quantities into England. English cutlers who had formerly employed it in the manufacture of knife blades found it to be ‘harder’, ‘rawer’, and ‘less manageable’ than English shear steel. Only Cockshutt at Wortley employed imported German steel on account of its hardness for the manufacture of drawing-plates used for drawing steel wire.' Lewis wrote: 'Double Spur (steel) - the hardest of all double spur and star; this is used chiefly for gravers; razors also are made of it and fine scissors. These steels are made chiefly near Newcastle; Mr Cockshutt makes them of late, but his are not in such repute; uncertain whether from their being really inferior, or from their character not being yet established.' To my mind Lewis is describing a method, adopted by Cockshutt, of using Swedish iron and not English iron for the steel from which he made wire draw-plates. Cockshutt’s connections with the Fell ‘Steele Trade’ surely would have provided him with a ready supply of the type of steel that he had found most suitable for his purposes? There is also the possibility that the excavated structure was the foundation of a steam boiler, erected by a later operator of the Iron Works, Vincent Corbett, to drive his steam hammer lifting gear that he experimented with in 1840. It was reported that this contrivance was hidden behind a high brick wall, but was destroyed by Corbett’s workmen who did not like the ‘new-fangled’ invention. Lewis also described the method Cockshutt adopted for the manufacture of wire-drawing plates. Cockshutt took a plate of wrought iron and formed it into a sort of cricket bat shape but flat on both sides. He folded it over, at the ‘bat’ end to form a narrow ‘U’ section and scratched or filed grooves across the two inner faces. He then filled the cavity with ‘melted wild steel’. He used ‘wild German steel’, from Tyrol or Styria. The filled end was then heated and forged so forming a composite section of iron, steel, iron, the grooves previously cut across the inner faces served to grip the steel interior. The holes through which the wire was drawn were then punched through, three holes being placed across the width in several rows along its length. To reclaim old worn-out plates they were heated and the steel centre was removed by knocking it out. Lewis wrote that this German wild steel could be filed after forging it and that it would bear holes to be ‘knocked through’. Just another question regarding the history of the Wortley Iron Works that may never be satisfactorily answered. Regards, Chris Morley