JiscMail Logo
Email discussion lists for the UK Education and Research communities

Help for UTSG Archives


UTSG Archives

UTSG Archives


UTSG@JISCMAIL.AC.UK


View:

Message:

[

First

|

Previous

|

Next

|

Last

]

By Topic:

[

First

|

Previous

|

Next

|

Last

]

By Author:

[

First

|

Previous

|

Next

|

Last

]

Font:

Proportional Font

LISTSERV Archives

LISTSERV Archives

UTSG Home

UTSG Home

UTSG  1998

UTSG 1998

Options

Subscribe or Unsubscribe

Subscribe or Unsubscribe

Log In

Log In

Get Password

Get Password

Subject:

Land-use impacts of parking

From:

[log in to unmask] (David Simmonds)

Reply-To:

David Simmonds <[log in to unmask]>

Date:

Tue, 15 Sep 1998 09:10:41

Content-Type:

text/plain

Parts/Attachments:

Parts/Attachments

text/plain (117 lines)

The following summarises the findings of a recent project.  Thanks to 
all who contributed to the review stages through this and other e-
mail groups.


=====================================================================



This note describes a study carried out recently by MVA and David 
Simmonds Consultancy for the Department of the Environment, Transport 
and the Regions, into the land-use impacts of parking restraint, 
particularly in city centres.  The study involved two literature 
reviews - one looking at the empirical evidence relevant to the land-
use impact of parking restraint, and the other looking at relevant 
models and previous modelling results.  These were followed by an 
application of the DSCMOD land-use change indicators model based upon 
the outputs of the TRAM transport model.  

The review of empirical evidence found that there have been few 
studies of the direct impacts of parking restraint, primarily because 
there have been few cases in which policies of restraint covering all 
types of parking (on- and off-street, private and public) have been 
applied on a sustained basis.  There does not seem to be any directly 
observed long-term evidence showing that restraint of parking in 
itself causes problems such as the decline of traditional shopping 
centres.  However, the balance of the evidence suggests that 
significant restraint would have a negative effect on retailing and 
other activities, unless counterbalanced by other improvements.  
Experience of pedestrianisation indicates that environmental 
improvements can more than counterbalance reduced accessibility so as 
to make particular parts of centres more attractive and more 
successful, though the changes involved may involve complex patterns 
of gains and losses.

The review of modelling found that the availability of parking is 
generally treated by fairly simple cost and time elements in the 
transport components of land-use/transport interaction models.  A 
range of models capable of responding to such elements is considered, 
and available results (from the previous MVA/DSC study within this 
programme, and from the ISGLUTI project) are summarised.   Extreme 
caution needs to be exercised in generalising from these results, but 
typical impacts are limited decentralisation of employment with mixed 
impacts on household and population distributions.  None of the 
models considered has explicitly represented parking as a use of land 
or of floorspace.

The TRAM+DSCMOD land-use indicators are the results of a simple 
static land-use model linked to the TRAM transport model.  TRAM was 
developed by MVA earlier in the present programme of research, as a 
tool for analysis of parking and traffic restraint.  (Descriptions of 
DSCMOD and of TRAM can be found in Roberts and Simmonds, 1997, 
section 4, and in Bates et al, 1997, respectively.) The results of 
the Do-Maximum strategy show an insignificant move of households into 
the Central Area of the Study Area city (Bristol), and a small 
outward move of employment; these are rather more negative for the 
Central Area than the previous START+DSCMOD results.  The Do-
Something strategy, in contrast, indicates a very slight growth in 
Central Area employment.  The detailed results show marked 
differences within different zones of the Central Area.

The main conclusions drawn are 

1 that any major schemes of parking restraint should be 
accompanied by careful monitoring and analysis of longer-term 
effects, and 

2 that further modelling work appears appropriate to identify the 
expected effects of such policies and of other associated 
measures (for example, to offset the negative impact of parking 
restraint by making the centre more attractive in other ways).  

Such modelling should move on from static indicators of land-use 
impact to the use of dynamic models which can more explicitly 
consider the processes of urban change.


References
----------


Bates, J, A Skinner, G Scholefield and R Bradley (1997):  Study of 
parking and traffic demand 2: a Traffic Restraint Analysis Model 
(TRAM).  Traffic Engineering & Control, March 1997, pp 135-141.

Roberts, M and D C Simmonds (1997):  A strategic modelling approach 
for urban policy development. Traffic Engineering & Control, 
July/August 1997, pp 377-384.


Further information
-------------------

A paper is being prepared for publication.  For further information 
on the project summarised above, please contact Ben Still or David 
Simmonds at the address below. The project was part of a wider study 
of parking and traffic demand; for further information on this, 
please contact Denvil Coombe at MVA ([log in to unmask]).


Note
----

The views expressed are those of the consultants (MVA and David 
Simmonds Consultancy) and are not necessarily those of the Department 
of Environment, Transport and the Regions.

[end]

David Simmonds Consultancy
10 Jesus Lane Cambridge CB5 8BA England
Phone +44(0)1223 316098 Fax +44(0)1223 313893
e-mail [log in to unmask]


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Top of Message | Previous Page | Permalink

JiscMail Tools


RSS Feeds and Sharing


Advanced Options


Archives

March 2024
February 2024
January 2024
December 2023
November 2023
October 2023
September 2023
August 2023
July 2023
June 2023
May 2023
April 2023
March 2023
February 2023
January 2023
December 2022
November 2022
October 2022
September 2022
August 2022
July 2022
June 2022
May 2022
April 2022
March 2022
February 2022
January 2022
December 2021
November 2021
October 2021
September 2021
August 2021
July 2021
June 2021
May 2021
April 2021
March 2021
February 2021
January 2021
December 2020
November 2020
October 2020
September 2020
August 2020
July 2020
June 2020
May 2020
April 2020
March 2020
February 2020
January 2020
December 2019
November 2019
October 2019
September 2019
August 2019
July 2019
June 2019
May 2019
April 2019
March 2019
February 2019
January 2019
December 2018
November 2018
October 2018
September 2018
August 2018
July 2018
June 2018
May 2018
April 2018
March 2018
February 2018
January 2018
December 2017
November 2017
October 2017
September 2017
August 2017
July 2017
June 2017
May 2017
April 2017
March 2017
February 2017
January 2017
December 2016
November 2016
October 2016
September 2016
August 2016
July 2016
June 2016
May 2016
April 2016
March 2016
February 2016
January 2016
December 2015
November 2015
October 2015
September 2015
August 2015
July 2015
June 2015
May 2015
April 2015
March 2015
February 2015
January 2015
December 2014
November 2014
October 2014
September 2014
August 2014
July 2014
June 2014
May 2014
April 2014
March 2014
February 2014
January 2014
December 2013
November 2013
October 2013
September 2013
August 2013
July 2013
June 2013
May 2013
April 2013
March 2013
February 2013
January 2013
December 2012
November 2012
October 2012
September 2012
August 2012
July 2012
June 2012
May 2012
April 2012
March 2012
February 2012
January 2012
December 2011
November 2011
October 2011
September 2011
August 2011
July 2011
June 2011
May 2011
April 2011
March 2011
February 2011
January 2011
December 2010
November 2010
October 2010
September 2010
August 2010
July 2010
June 2010
May 2010
April 2010
March 2010
February 2010
January 2010
December 2009
November 2009
October 2009
September 2009
August 2009
July 2009
June 2009
May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
February 2009
January 2009
December 2008
November 2008
October 2008
September 2008
August 2008
July 2008
June 2008
May 2008
April 2008
March 2008
February 2008
January 2008
December 2007
November 2007
October 2007
September 2007
August 2007
July 2007
June 2007
May 2007
April 2007
March 2007
February 2007
January 2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998


JiscMail is a Jisc service.

View our service policies at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/policyandsecurity/ and Jisc's privacy policy at https://www.jisc.ac.uk/website/privacy-notice

For help and support help@jisc.ac.uk

Secured by F-Secure Anti-Virus CataList Email List Search Powered by the LISTSERV Email List Manager