Dear all,
Holmes was certainly practicing abduction, even if he says he is deducing
- he calls all kind of reasoning deductive.(He never read Peirce - I
guess).
"Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you
what the result would be. They can put those events together in their
minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass. There are few
people, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve
from their own inner consciousness what the steps were which led up to
that result. This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backward,
or analytically" (A Study in Scarlet)
And again
"The ideal reasoner would, when he has once been shown a single fact in
all its bearings, deduce from it not only all the chain of events which
which led up to it, but also all the results which would follow from it.
As Cuvier could correctly describe a whole animal by the contemplation of
a single bone, so the observer who has thoroughly understood one link in a
series of incidents, should be able accurately to state all the other
ones, both before and after. We have not yet grasped the results which the
reason alone can attain to" (The Five Orange Pips)
Holmes concludes from surprising facts what the case might be.
"You know my method. It is founded upon the observance of trifles" (The
Boscombe Valley Mystery)
Peirce defines abduction: "The surprising fact, C, is observed; But if A
were true, C would be a matter of course, Hence, there is reason to
suspect that A is true" (CP 5.189).
And explains the difference between the three modes of reasoning:
”Deduction proves that something must be.
Induction shows that something is operative. Abduction merely suggests that
something may be” (CP 5.171).
Yes, it is (informed) guessing. But
"An Abduction is [...] the only kind of argument which starts a new idea"
(Peirce Collected papers 2.96). And "A man must be downright crazy to deny
that science has made many true discoveries. But every single item of
scientific theory which stands established today has been due to
Abduction. (CP 5.172).
Hear, hear
Rolf
Den 2015-02-12 11.02 skrev Lars Albinsson <[log in to unmask]>:
>Dear all,
>
>Maybe Sherlock Holmes, a fictional master of abduction, offers a way to
>bridge abduction and logic?
>
>"How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the
>impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?"
>
>Abduction generates hypothesis, process of elimination demonstrates that
>hypothesis will generate outcome while no other cause will. Perhaps
>elimination here can be understood as: deduction will prove that the
>'outcome' necessarily follows from 'cause', induction will prove that
>'outcome' can only have come from 'cause'. Or do I mess up the terms?
>
>Best Regards,
>Lars
>
>
>Conan Doyles, The Sign of the Four (1890), Chap. 6, p. 111
>
>.........................................................................
>LARS ALBINSSON
>+46 (0) 70 592 70 45
>[log in to unmask]
>
>AFFILIATIONS:
>MAESTRO MANAGEMENT AB
>CALISTOGA SPRINGS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
>UNIVERSITY OF BORÅS
>LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY
>.........................................................................
>
>
>
>
>
>11 feb 2015 kl. 19:27 skrev Rolf Johansson <[log in to unmask]>:
>
>Dear Nicolai,
>Your example is from Charles Peirce (Collected papers 2.623). His wording
>is:
>-----------
>Fact: these beans are white
>Rule: all the beans from this bag are white
>Case: these beans are from this bag
>-----------
>A good example of abductive reasoning is found in François Voltaire
>(1747): Zadig, the third chapter
>
>(I tried to insert a quote from Voltaire here, but a got a mail in return
>telling me my mail had been blocked "Because it may contain unacceptable
>language, or inappropriate material". You have to read Voltaire on your
>own risk).
>
>I recommend:
>Umberto Eco & Thomas Sebeok (eds.): Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. The Sign of the
>Three
>As food for thought
>
>Best
>Rolf
>-----------------
>Rolf Johansson
>Architect SAR/MSA, Dr.
>Professor in Landscape Architecture Design Theory
>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
>Department of Urban and Rural Development
>Unit of Landscape Architecture
>--------------------
>
>
>
>
>Den 2015-02-10 21.22 skrev Nicolai Steinø <[log in to unmask]>:
>
>> Dear all,
>>
>> Some years back I did an urban design workshop with Thai and Danish BSc
>> students at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. I used the example below
>> to explain abduction, as opposed to deduction and induction. I find the
>> example useful because it explains the difference by the order of a
>>rule,
>> a case and a result, respectively.
>>
>> Unfortunately I no longer remember where I got it from.
>>
>> Best,
>>
>> Nic
>>
>> --
>>
>> Research approach
>>
>> American pragmatist philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce
>>
>> Deduction (necessary inferences)
>>
>> Rule All thai people have dark hair
>> Case All the people we have met are thai
>> Result Therefore, all people we have met have dark hair
>>
>> Induction (probable inferences)
>>
>> Result All people we have met have dark hair
>> Case All the people we have met are thai
>> Rule Therefore, all thai people have dark hair
>>
>> Abduction (hypotheses)
>>
>> Rule All thai people have dark hair
>> Result All people we have met have dark hair
>> Case Therefore, all the people we have met are thai
>>
>> Pros and cons of abduction
>>
>> Does not rely on strong theory building
>> Does not rely on large samples
>> Requires a capacity for making 'hunches'
>> The validity of the conclusion relies on the quality of the hunch
>>
>>
>>
>> NICOLAI STEINØ
>> Associate Professor, PhD, GDBA
>>
>> AALBORG UNIVERSITY
>> DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN and MEDIA TECHNOLOGY
>> Rendsborggade 14 · DK - 9000 AALBORG
>>
>> Office: 6.330a
>> Office hours: By appointment only
>>
>> TEL: (+45) 99 40 71 36
>> CELL: (+45) 28 76 06 98
>>
>> eMail:
>>
>>[log in to unmask]<applewebdata://D7BC17ED-62C9-4655-92DC-366322E4E887/
>>s
>> [log in to unmask]>
>> Staff profile: http://personprofil.aau.dk/Profil/107588?languageId=1
>> Homepage: http://homes.create.aau.dk/steino
>> Blog: http://steino.wordpress.com
>> Academia:
>>
>>http://aalborg.academia.edu/NicolaiSteinø<http://aalborg.academia.edu/Nic
>>o
>> laiStein%C3%B8>
>>
>>
>>
>> Den 10/02/2015 kl. 20.29 skrev Ken Friedman
>> <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>>:
>>
>> Dear Terry and all,
>>
>> Abduction is essentially a mode of forming hypotheses. Technically,
>> abduction is “inference to best explanation.” This entails many issues —
>> with room for debate. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy offers an
>> excellent article on abduction, with a good reference list and sources
>>of
>> additional information:
>>
>> http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/
>>
>> While C. S. Peirce wrote at length on abduction, he was not the first to
>> do so earlier or since. The phenomenon has long been described in
>> different ways. The crucial issue is that abduction is a logic of
>> discovery. Abductive inference is not a logic of proof — one requires
>> other means to determine the validity or facticity of abductive
>>inference.
>>
>> This is why abduction is one method of hypothesis formation. Generating
>> hypotheses is a necessary step in discovery, but for everything human
>> beings have learned, there have been more false or incorrect hypotheses
>> than true or correct hypotheses.
>>
>> In recent articles and reports, I have seen the incorrect assertion that
>> scientific research makes use of induction and deduction while design
>> research makes use of abduction. This is incorrect. Scientists use
>> abduction to form hypotheses, and researchers in all fields require
>> induction and deduction — as well as experiment and observation — to
>> choose among hypotheses.
>>
>> Peirce and others treat abduction as a way of knowing, but not as a way
>> of validating the knowledge. This requires other methods.
>>
>> For those who wish to read further, I have a DropBox collection of
>> articles on abduction in PDF format. If you wish access to the
>> collection, send me an off-list email and I will be happy to grant
>>access
>> to the collection.
>>
>> Regards,
>>
>> Ken
>>
>> Ken Friedman, PhD, DSc (hc), FDRS | Editor-in-Chief | 设计 She Ji. The
>> Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation | Published by Elsevier in
>> Cooperation with Tongji University Press | Launching in 2015
>>
>> Chair Professor of Design Innovation Studies | College of Design and
>> Innovation | Tongji University | Shanghai, China ||| University
>> Distinguished Professor | Centre for Design Innovation | Swinburne
>> University of Technology | Melbourne, Australia
>>
>> Email [log in to unmask] | Academia
>> http://swinburne.academia.edu/KenFriedman | D&I
>>http://tjdi.tongji.edu.cn
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
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