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CRIT-GEOG-FORUM  September 2012

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Subject:

Second CFP “Science democracy. Participatory research and participatory democracy”

From:

Certoma Chiara <[log in to unmask]>

Reply-To:

Certoma Chiara <[log in to unmask]>

Date:

Sat, 22 Sep 2012 16:55:27 +0200

Content-Type:

text/plain

Parts/Attachments:

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text/plain (536 lines)

Dear all
second call for papers on “Science democracy. 
Participatory research and participatory democracy”, Revue
Internationale d’Ethnographie n.3 (papers accepted in 
english, french, spanish, italian).
Please circulate widely!
Chiara


***
Call for papers Revue Internationale d’Ethnographie,  n.3
“Science democracy. Participatory research and 
participatory democracy”



Main topics

In the recent decades an increasing interest in 
participatory research has emerged in international 
debates over research methodologies. Participatory 
research—also called action research—is a form of 
investigation, which aims at avoiding the pitfalls of 
traditional ‘extractive’ research, and to involve 
participants in the definition of the research project and 
the issues it addresses. It implies a cyclical process of 
planning, acting, observing, evaluating and reflecting in 
order to plan again.
 From the beginning, participatory approaches were aimed 
at sharing researchers’ results with interested people 
(namely other stakeholders involved in the decision 
process affected by researchers’ work). This involvement 
was made possible due to the adoption of appropriate 
procedures for incremental dialogue, the possibility for 
everybody to take part in planned events and to have their 
say, and the development of methodological tools to take 
multiple voices into account. The research protocol was 
defined by researchers in order to include 
non-professionals in the data collection and presentation 
phases (for instance, through public meetings and open 
interviews to listen to people’s opinion - a particularly 
innovative method in “hard” or natural science study as it 
prefigures an appreciation of the social aspects of an 
issue under investigation).
The current trend in participatory research is more 
oriented toward enabling people to actively collaborate 
with research activities by using personal technological 
devices and share collected items or findings via 
‘peer-to-peer’ technologies (e.g. open street maps). 
Nowadays research morphology is influenced by people’s 
participation in all the phases of a research project, 
from sketching the topic, to defining the relevant 
variables, to data collection, up to and through the 
interpretation process. Knowledge is collectively produced 
by large groups of users that can perform functions 
difficult to automate or expensive to implement (crowd 
sourcing). This user-generated knowledge is thus not 
merely deployed in an already defined scientific research 
framework and it may be gathered, made visible, and shared 
in web 2.0 spaces, prior to being used by researchers. As 
a consequence, scientific inquire shifts from being solely 
a process for people, to being a process by people.
When the borders between scientific research and social 
understanding become fuzzy, from one side, the 
socio-political background and the consequences of 
scientific research itself are questioned. From the other 
side, scientists, even natural scientists, need to have a 
deep understanding of political implications of their 
research and to be able to combine multiple ways of 
knowing. The adoption of participatory approach requires 
researchers to be aware of the theoretical perspective(s) 
that influence their work; as a matter of fact they are 
not merely collecting data, but they also must provide a 
‘second order’ semiotic interpretation of the social 
understanding of their research object.
While from one side, participatory research is 
increasingly considered a useful methodology for dealing 
with real-life problems and general interests; from the 
other side, it may be critiqued in terms of accuracy of 
data collection, the fulfilment of a scientific protocol 
and the objectivity in the production of results.
Letting people participate in the investigative process 
implies that the results are unavoidably biased by their 
stories, personal beliefs and political positions; the 
situated-ness of their observation points; and their 
embedded-ness in bodies/contexts/environments. 
Interestingly enough, contemporary epistemology addressed 
these criticisms toward the very possibility for objective 
research. The adoption of more audacious participatory 
methods expands and amplifies, instead of eliminating, 
these problems. They enter the knowledge production 
process as unavoidable component of it.
Non-exclusionary scientific practice, such as 
participatory research, makes evident the link between 
scientific knowledge and socio-political power because it 
requires science to exit the ivory tower of objectivity 
and divest itself of the naturalized sense of authority it 
allegedly grants, and to prove the solidity and efficacy 
of its tools for interrogating the real in the worldly 
disorder of everyday life. Otherwise said, the use of 
participatory methods forces us to consider the relation 
between knowledge and power. Diffuse knowledge generation 
processes may herald the re-charting of socio-political 
structures of power, as knowledge and its production 
techniques are made available for a larger part of the 
population. Given the existence of a tight link between 
the processes of knowledge generation and information 
retention, and the mechanisms of power generation and 
functioning in the socio-political domain, it is 
reasonable to question whether the ‘democratisation’ of 
knowledge may qualitatively and quantitatively increase 
democratic participation.
Public involvement in science production may increase 
direct participation in political life and encourage an 
expansion of the public debate on the most pressing issues 
affecting society. This aspect is particularly relevant 
today when the governance of public affairs seem to be 
more and more in the hands of experts and technicians. 
Indeed, the exclusion of people according to the top-down 
scientific research model, is entwined with their 
exclusion from the management of public affairs - and even 
from public debate in general. In a knowledge society 
where the availability of scientific and technical data 
broadens the power of those who produce and hold it, the 
proliferation of participatory research programs may help 
reverse the geometries and the geographies of power 
generation and use.

In addition to the described issue some related topics are 
also welcomed:
-	Take a stand: scientists engaged with their objects of 
research
-	Mediation tools: devices, procedures and machines that 
enable other voices to be heard
-	Critiques of participatory approaches: does 
participatory research empower people or science?
-	Re-inventing scientific practices or re-shaping 
scientific contents? Epistemological challenges in 
participatory approaches

ARTICLE SUBMISSION – INSTRUCTIONS FOR MANUSCRIPTS AND 
DEADLINES

The authors may choose the language in which they write 
their piece from English, French, Spanish, or Italian.
Please send the articles (20.000 characters, including 
spaces and bibliography) to the following email address: 
[log in to unmask] and 
[log in to unmask] before October 31st  2012, as a 
WORD format “.doc” (please DO NOT use “docx”), in Times 
New Roman 12.
Informal enquiries and expressions of interest can be sent 
in advance to Chiara Certomà and Patrick Boumard.
The articles should be accompanied by 3 abstracts - 1 in 
the language of the article, 1 in English and the last one 
in another language (2.000 signs each), plus 5 keywords in 
three language.
All the papers will be evaluated by two anonymous 
referees.
The authors will receive a response (i.e. article accepted 
without modifications, article accepted with minor 
modifications, article accepted with major modifications, 
article refused) within four months of the due date.
Time accorded for correction shall be short; one or two 
months depending upon the extent of correction.
Submitted papers must be titled as follows: the journal 
title, its corresponding number and the surname of the 
author (ex: RIE 3-Durand)

The article should be accompanied by a cover letter 
providing the following information (this page is intended 
only for editing purposes and is not passed on to the 
readers):
* Author(s)’ full name(s)
* Affiliation
* Author’s research area
* Complete postal address
* Email address
* Title, abstracts
All the footnotes should be placed at the bottom of each 
page and numbered uninterruptedly through the whole length 
of the article (please, use the Chicago citation style for 
social science - notes and bibliography; 
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html).
Any reference mentioned in the bibliography must be quoted 
in the article, and vice-versa.

CALENDAR

June, 2012: Call of Papers
October 31, 2012: Deadline for articles submissions
March 31, 2013: Notification of peer review process
May 31 2013: Deadline for reception of corrected articles
Autumn 2013: Publication of the RIE n.3
Editors:
Chiara Certomà (Rachel Carson Center, LMU, Munich; Scuola 
Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa) 
[log in to unmask]
Patrick Boumard (Université de Rennes 2, Rennes cedex) 
[log in to unmask]


***

Main topics _ French version

Dans les dernières décennies on a pu constater un intérêt 
croissant pour le développement de méthodologies de 
recherches participatives. La recherche participative – 
également appelée « recherche-action » est une forme 
active de la recherche qui s'oppose à la recherche 
traditionnelle « extractive »  et implique les sujets dans 
la définition de l'objet de recherche et des problèmes 
qu'il suscite, à travers un examen actif et collectif.


Dans un premier temps, les approches participatives ont 
visé à partager les résultats des chercheurs avec les 
personnes intéressées (autres parties prenantes impliqués 
dans le processus décisionnel concernant les questions sur 
lesquelles les chercheurs étaient en train de travailler) 
en adoptant les procédures appropriées pour développer le 
dialogue, la possibilité pour chacun de prendre part à des 
 événements organisés et d'avoir son mot à dire, et aussi 
et la démarche méthodologique consistant à prendre en 
compte tous les points de vue.

Le projet de recherche a été établi et défini par les 
chercheurs de manière à inclure aussi les 
non-professionnels dans la collecte des données, ainsi que 
dans la phase de présentation de ces données (par exemple, 
en organisant une réunion publique et des entretiens 
ouverts pour écouter l'opinion des gens -méthode 
particulièrement innovante dans l'étude des sciences dures 
ou naturelles-, en tant qu'elle anticipe une appréciation 
des aspects sociaux de la recherche engagée).

La tendance courante dans la recherche participative est 
plutôt est de permettre aux gens de participer activement 
aux activités de recherche en utilisant leurs propres 
dispositifs technologiques et de partager les éléments 
recueillis ou des conclusions via des technologies « 
peer-to-peer » (par exemple des cartes « open street »).

La morphologie actuelle de la recherche inclut la 
participation des acteurs dans toutes les phases du projet 
de recherche, depuis l'esquisse du sujet jusqu'à la 
définition des variables pertinentes, le recueil des 
données, et le processus d'interprétation.

La connaissance est produite collectivement par les grands 
groupes d'utilisateurs qui peuvent exécuter des fonctions 
difficiles à automatiser ou coûteuses à mettre en œuvre et 
les rendre disponibles (crowd sourcing). Cette 
connaissance générée par l'utilisateur n'est donc pas 
seulement déployée dans dans un cadre de recherche déjà 
défini ; elle peut être recueillie avant même l'entrée des 
scientifiques, rendue visible et partagée dans les espaces 
du web, et ensuite utilisée par les chercheurs.
La production scientifique passe alors d'un processus pour 
le peuple à un processus mis en avant par le peuple.

Quand les frontières entre la recherche scientifique et la 
compréhension sociale deviennent floues, d'un côté 
l'arrière-plan socio-politique et les conséquences de la 
recherche scientifique elle-même sont remis en question. 
De l'autre côté, les scientifiques doivent avoir une 
compréhension profonde de la dimension politique  et être 
capables de combiner de nombreuses façons de savoir. 
L'adoption d'une approche participative oblige les 
chercheurs à avoir une interprétation lucide de la 
perspective dans laquelle ils travaillent , parce qu'ils 
ne sont pas seulement en train de collecter des données, 
mais ils ont eu également besoin de de fournir une 
interprétation de second ordre de la compréhension sociale 
de l'objet de recherche.

En particulier, d'un côté, la recherche participative 
reçoit un consensus public dans la mesure où elle est 
considérée comme une méthodologie utile pour faire face 
aux problèmes de la vie réelle et aux intérêts généraux ; 
de l'autre coté, elle peut être contestée en termes de 
précision de la collecte des données, de la réalisation 
des protocoles scientifiques, de l'objectivité dans la 
production des résultats, et en général, de la possibilité 
d'atteindre les normes scientifiques (sans tenir compte 
des efforts des scientifiques pour « nettoyer » les 
données ou -quand ce n'est pas possible- pour les 
contextualiser).
Permettre aux sujets de participer au processus de 
production scientifique implique aussi que les résultats 
sont inévitablement biaisés par leur histoire, leurs 
croyances personnelles et leurs positions politiques. De 
même, par la situation de leurs points d'observation ; 
leur intégration corporelle, contextuelle, 
environnementale.

Il est intéressant de remarquer que l'épistémologie 
contemporaine a adressé ces critiques à propos des 
possibilités réelles des scientifiques de faire une 
recherche d'ordre scientifique. L'adoption de méthodes 
participatives plus audacieuses répand et amplifie, au 
lieu de les éliminer, ces problèmes. Ainsi, ils 
disparaissent comme problèmes et intègrent la production 
de la connaissance en tant que composante inévitable.

Une pratique scientifique non excluante met en évidence le 
lien entre le savoir scientifique et le pouvoir 
socio-politique, car elle oblige la science à quitter la 
cité close de l'objectivité et l'autorité fondée sur la 
nature, et à prouver la solidité et l'efficacité de ses 
outils pour interroger le réel dans le désordre du monde 
de la vie quotidienne.

Autrement dit, l'usage de méthodes participatives nous 
amène à prendre en compte la relation entre savoir et 
pouvoir. Les processus diffus de production des 
connaissances peuvent déterminer une nouvelle 
compréhension des structures socio-politiques du pouvoir, 
dans la mesure où la connaissance et les techniques de 
production sont disponibles pour une grande partie de la 
population.
Etant donné l'existence d'un lien étroit entre les 
processus de production du savoir et la collecte 
d'informations, et les mécanismes de production du pouvoir 
et leur fonctionnement dans le domaine socio-politique, on 
peut se demander si la « démocratisation » du savoir peut 
accroître quantitativement et qualitativement la 
participation démocratique.
En fait, un intérêt pour les outils et les procédures 
montre que la démocratie participative se développe 
simultanément aux méthodes de recherche participative.

L’implication du public dans la production de la science 
peut accroître la participation directe dans la vie 
politique et  déterminer un élargissement du débat public 
sur les questions les plus urgentes de la société.
Cet aspect est particulièrement important dans la société 
globale, dans laquelle  le gouvernement politique des 
affaires publiques semble être de plus en plus entre les 
mains d’experts et de techniciens des différentes 
disciplines.
En réalité, l'exclusion  des sujets par la recherche 
officielle est corrélée à leur exclusion de la direction 
des affaires publiques, et même du débat public en 
général.
Dans une société de la connaissance dont l'organisation 
socio-politique est de plus en plus dépendante de la 
disponibilité des données scientifiques et techniques 
l’élargissement du domaine de ceux qui produisent et 
détiennent le savoir peut aussi renverser les géométries 
et les géographies de la production et de l'usage du 
pouvoir.

Outre la question décrite ci-dessus, sont également 
bienvenus les  sujets suivants :
-	Faire de la science pour les gens/faire de la science 
avec les gens
-	Prendre position : engagement des scientifiques par 
rapport à leur objet de recherche
-	Outils de médiation:dispositifs, procédures et 
instruments permettant d'entendre d'autres voix
-	Critiques des approches participatives : est-ce que la 
recherche participative renforce le pouvoir des gens ou de 
la science ?
-	Ré-inventer des pratiques scientifiques ou re-structurer 
les contenus scientifiques ? Défis épistémologiques dans 
les approches participatives.

***

Main topics_Italian version

Negli ultimi decenni è cresciuto l’interesse nei confronti 
delle metodologie di ricerca partecipata. La ricerca 
partecipata  - o action research – nasce con l’intento di 
coinvolgere i soggetti interessati nella definizione 
dell’obiettivo della ricerca e dei problemi che emergono 
durante la sua realizzazione. La sua realizzazione 
richiede un processo ciclico di pianificazione, azione, 
osservazione, valutazione e riflessione volta ad una nuova 
pianificazione; di conseguenza si configura come un 
processo costantemente in fieri i cui risultati non 
possono che essere provvisori.
In un primo tempo, la ricerca partecipata è stata 
interpretata come un metodo utile per condividere i 
risultati ottenuti dai ricercatori con gli interessati, 
cioè i soggetti coinvolti nel processo decisionale 
relativo alle questioni specifiche che i ricercatori 
stavano analizzando, attraverso procedure ad hoc per 
incrementare il dialogo, la possibilità per ognuno di 
prendere parte agli eventi pianificati ed esprimere il 
proprio parere, e la considerazione di diverse opinioni. 
Il progetto di ricerca quindi veniva disegnato e definito 
dai ricercatori in maniera tale da includere anche i 
non-specialisti nella fase di raccolta dati e nella fase 
di presentazione (per esempio, attraverso la 
pianificazione di incontri pubblici e interviste aperte 
che permettessero di ascoltare l’opinione degli 
interessati – un metodo questo particolarmente innovativo 
soprattutto nelle scienze hard e nelle scienze naturali 
dal momento che richiede una particolare attenzione agli 
aspetti sociali dell’indagine).
La ricerca partecipata si orienta invece attualmente nel 
definire contesti e processi che permettano ai comuni 
cittadini di collaborare alle attività di ricerca usando 
strumenti tecnologici personali e condividere i dati 
raccolti o i risultati ottenuti tramite tecnologie 
peer-to-peer (si veda ad esempio, il progetto Open street 
maps). Di conseguenza la morfologia della ricerca è 
fortemente influenzata dalla partecipazione delle persone 
alle diverse fasi del progetto, dalla definizione della 
problematica oggetto di indagine, all’individuazione delle 
variabili rilevanti, alla raccolta di dati, fino alla loro 
interpretazione. La conoscenza è prodotta collettivamente 
da un ampio gruppo di utenti che possono svolgere funzioni 
che è difficile automatizzare o che sono costose da 
implementare (crowd sourcing). Questa conoscenza generata 
dagli utenti non è dunque semplicemente sfruttata 
all’interno di un framework di ricerca già definito ma può 
essere prodotta da parte delle persone comuni 
indipendentemente dalle richieste di ricercatori 
professionisti, resa visibile e condivisa nello spazio del 
web 2.0, ed eventualmente in seguito utilizzata dai 
ricercatori. La produzione della scienza quindi 
dall’essere un processo portato avanti dai ricercatori per 
la popolazione, diventa un processo portato avanti dalla 
popolazione.
Quando i confini tra l’attività di ricerca scientifica e 
la comprensione sociale diventano sfumati, da una parte i 
fondamenti della scienza stessa vengono messi in 
discussione; dall’altra agli scienziati è richiesta una 
comprensione profonda delle implicazioni politico-sociali 
della loro ricerca, e di combinare molteplici modalità di 
acquisizione di conoscenza.  L’adozione di metodi di 
ricerca partecipata richiede ai ricercatori di avere una 
coscienza chiara delle prospettive teorica da cui si 
muovono dal momento che il loro lavoro non consiste 
semplicemente nel mettere insieme dati, ma anche nel 
produrre un’interpretazione semiotica di secondo livello 
delle implicazioni sociali della loro ricerca.
In particolare, da una parte, la ricerca partecipata 
guadagna consenso pubblico dal momento che è considerata 
come una metodologia utile per affrontare i problemi della 
vita reale di interesse generale; da un’altra parte viene 
contestata perché può implicare una perdita di accuratezza 
in termini di raccolta dei dati, soddisfacimento dei 
protocolli di ricerca, obiettività nella produzione di 
risultati, e in generale, raggiungimento degli standard 
scientifici più elevati (senza considerare gli sforzi dei 
ricercatori per ‘pulire’ i dati – o se non possibile- per 
‘contestualizzarli’).
Permettere alla popolazione di partecipare al processo di 
produzione scientifica implica che i risultati sono 
inevitabilmente condizionati dalla loro storia, le 
convinzioni personali e gli orientamenti politici, dal 
loro essere soggetti incarnati, contestualizzati e 
radicati. E’ interessante notare a questo proposito che la 
ricerca epistemologica contemporanea ha avanzato da tempo 
diverse critiche circa le possibili di ottenere risultati 
veramente oggettivi. L’adozione di metodologie 
partecipative amplifica, piuttosto che eliminare, questo 
tipo di questioni che entrano nel processo di produzione 
della conoscenza come parti ineliminabili del medesimo.
Una pratica scientifica non-esclusivista rende evidente il 
legame tra conoscenza scientifica e potere socio-politico 
perchè richiede che la scienza abbandoni la torre d’avorio 
dell’oggettività e dell’autorità conferitale dall’appello 
alla natura, e provi la sua solidità e l’efficacia dei 
suoi strumenti per interrogare il reale nel disordine del 
mondo quotidiano. Detto altrimenti, l’uso di metodologie 
partecipative induce a considerare la relazione tra 
scienza e potere. I processi di generazione della 
conoscenza diffusi possono determinare una rilettura delle 
strutture di potere socio-politiche, dal momento che la 
conoscenza e tecniche della produzione di conoscenza sono 
messe a disposizione di una più ampia parte della 
popolazione.
Data l’esistenza di uno stretto legame tra processi di 
generazione della conoscenza e possesso delle 
informazioni, e meccanismi di generazione e funzionamento 
del dominio socio-politico, è lecito domandarsi se una 
democratizzazione della conoscenza può favorire 
(qualitativamente e quantitativamente) la partecipazione 
democratica. Infatti, l’interesse per gli strumenti e le 
procedure necessarie per portare avanti pratiche di 
democrazia partecipata si stanno evolvendo 
contemporaneamente alla diffusione di metodi di ricerca 
partecipata. La democrazia partecipata richiede, infatti, 
un maggiore conferimento di potere ai cittadini 
nell’ambito delle istituzioni politico-amministrative.
Il coinvolgimento pubblico nella produzione della scienza 
può aumentare la partecipazione alla vita politica e 
determinare un allargamento del dibattito pubblico sulle 
questioni più importanti che riguardano la società. Questo 
aspetto è particolarmente rilevante nella società globale 
in cui il governo politico degli affari pubblici è con 
sempre maggior frequenza delegato a esperti e tecnici di 
varie discipline. Infatti, una modalità di produzione 
della conoscenza top-down che esclude le persone dalla 
comprensione dei processi che determinano l’andamento 
della ricerca scientifica e i suoi risultati, si 
accompagna spesso con l’esclusione  della popolazione 
dalla gestione degli affari pubblici. In una società della 
conoscenza la cui organizzazione socio-politica è sempre 
di più dipendente dalla disponibilità di dati scientifici 
e tecnici che ampliano il potere di chi produce e chi 
detiene la conoscenza, l’adozione di metodologie di 
ricerca partecipata può indurre effettivi capovolgimenti 
delle geometrie politiche e sociali.

Oltre ai temi descritti, ulteriori argomenti di interesse 
sono:
-	prendere posizione: il coinvolgimento degli scienziati 
con il loro oggetto di studio;
-	strumenti di mediazione: dispositivi, procedure e 
macchine che permettano ad ‘altre’ voci di essere 
ascoltate;
-	criticare gli approcci partecipativi: la ricerca 
partecipata conferisce davvero potere alle persone?;
-	sfide epistemologiche per la ricerca partecipata: 
ri-inventare la pratica scientifica o ridisegnare i 
contenuti della scienza?

***


Chiara Certomà


Post-Doc Research Fellow
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
Piazza Martiri della Liberta' 33, 56127, Pisa, Italia
[log in to unmask]
http://www.sssup.it/context.jsp?ID_LINK=1259&area=91

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