Hi Amanda. Just to butt in in your very clear perspective. I slightly 
disagree with you regarding this point. Amanda wrote: "On the DSA: yes, this 
is predicated on medical model because the student is
asked for evidence from a ‘suitably qualified professional’. However, the
existing DSA Guidance does not define disability and I suggest it would be
worth taking a look in detail at what is accepted as evidence of eligibility 
for
DSA (the majority of students seen for DSA assessment have SPLDs and the
evidence is not produced by medical professionals)"

This may be interpreted as if you are saying that the model may not be 
'medical' because non medical evidence is needed to 'diagnose' a disability.

Could you elaborate ofn this point. It is my understanding that a 
medicalised model do both  individualise and pathologise a disability. it is 
hence irrelevant i f those elements are done by a gp, a medical consultand, 
a councelor, a nuclear physicist or a builder. The model would folow a 
medicalised approach because it 'profesionalise' knowldege to categorise and 
patologise impairements.

best Andy

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Amanda Kent" <[log in to unmask]>
To: <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Saturday, February 21, 2009 9:08 AM
Subject: Re: Social Model versus Medical Model in Higher Education


Emma,
As other people have suggested, these models are crude tools used to
describe and explain actions in broad terms. People can be many things at
once and within the context of work they can certainly draw on a range of
experience and be influenced by various ideologies, some of which appear
contradictory to the observer and none of which are fully ‘knowable’ by the
subject (see: Bourdieu). I think you could reposition your argument
for ‘conflict’ by using notions of complexity, tension and a sense of 
fluidity in
every-day experience.

If you want to retain the use of models, then why not use the administrative
model as a third term and place your medical/social into a dynamic dialectic
relationship within that?

You mention ‘the individual’ and your personal experience –  you could 
explore
the old adage ‘the personal is political’ as a means of opening up arguments
related to the sense of (large) scale assumed by these models (see: any
introduction to feminism).

Vic Finkelstein writes about the administrative model. Take a look at Swain
and French ‘Disability on Equal Terms’ for the role of ‘affirmation’ and 
chapters
11 and 12 in particular for the interplay between individual values and the
constraints of organisations. Charlton’s ‘Nothing About Us Without Us’ also
worth looking at as an example of how to write about personal experience
from a theoretically informed point of view.

People working in organisations are influenced by the language in the
workplace (see Foucault on discourse) and their behaviour is determined and
controlled to a great extent by positions within the organisational 
hierarchies
(of which there are many, stated and unstated).  Your terms medical/social
should be seen in relation to other discourses. For example, have a look at 
the
idea of the education sector as marketplace and the metaphor of student as
consumer. The marketization of education has been a contested topic on the
academic side for a number of years and the discussions often expose
assumptions about power and authority within institutions and role of higher
education in relation to wider issues of government. With regard to disabled
students, the positioning of the student as customer has the potential for
moving forward the equality agenda through advocacy for consumer rights.
The areas of contention and conflict are not medical/social but (very 
roughly)
academic/service provision, teaching/ancillary services,
organisation/department, external funding/internal expense,
reasonable/unreasonable, need/right, individual/general.

On the DSA: yes, this is predicated on medical model because the student is
asked for evidence from a ‘suitably qualified professional’. However, the
existing DSA Guidance does not define disability and I suggest it would be
worth taking a look in detail at what is accepted as evidence of eligibility 
for
DSA (the majority of students seen for DSA assessment have SPLDs and the
evidence is not produced by medical professionals). More recently, the SLC
way of DSA completing assessment reports has placed an emphasis on this
formal evidence to be used to back up ‘student testimony’ about their
individual experience of the effects of disability on study; this method of
constructing a needs assessment focuses on the individual student,
presumably because the funding is allocated on an individual basis, and
provides no mechanism for the point that Barry makes – ie that adjustments
for all might be more effective – and hence the HEFCE mainstream allocations
based on DSA numbers are used to indicate an attempt to address a more
general population need.
Amanda Kent.




On Thu, 19 Feb 2009 16:47:43 +0000, Emma Rowlett
<[log in to unmask]> wrote:

>Dear all,
>
>I'm battling with my PhD thesis and have had a very confusing meeting
>with my supervisors. We disagree substantially about whether or not it
>is best to use the social model or medical models of disability and
>they don't seem very happy with my interpretation of models of
>disability in Higher Education (see below). If any of you can assist
>me in developing my musings it would be very much appreciated.
>
>As I see it, SENDA is based on the DDA 1995 definition of disability
>as "a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and
>long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day
>activities" (DDA 1995, s1(1)). Since it refers to the impairment
>having an adverse effect and not to society imposing barriers on a
>person with impairments this does not adhere to the social model of
>disability and seems more medical model.  Similarly, since medical
>evidence is needed for DSA applications and medical professionals are
>often asked to comment on the impact on the student's studies this
>seems to be adopting a medical model of disability.  HEFCE mainstream
>allocation funding is also based on DSA the number of successful
>applications so relies on the medical model too.  However, most
>universities claim in their Disability Equality Statements that they
>adhere to the Social Model. But if universities are trying to
>implement the social model within a framework of medical model lead
>funding and legislation does this not cause conflicts?  Does this make
>sense?
>
>One of my supervisors argues that just because medical professionals
>are involved they may not be using the medical model. But it seems to
>me that requiring their involvement and proof of disability is medical
>model - perhaps I'm wrong in this.  My own personal experience seems
>to back this up too - the medical professionals I have dealt with are
>very clinical (as you might expect) and have no idea what impact my
>visual impairment or any of my other disabilities have on my studies
>beyond saying I will have difficulty reading standard size text.  If
>the social model was being implemented the professional required would
>be one who can identify the barriers rather than just identifying the
>impairment - an this would be a disability tutor or similar.  I know
>that once the proof is obtained an assessment is made that fits the
>social model better, but it focuses on individual rather than general
>adjustments which leads to my next problem...
>
>I have my own difficulties with the social model as by blaming society
>it seems to imply that society can make general adjustments to meet
>the needs of all people. However, if you apply this to a person with a
>visual impairment who experiences standard size text as a barrier how
>do you overcome this?  You can't produce every size of text, Braille,
>audio etc for every piece of standard size text.  The answer seems to
>me to make an accessible electronic copy available generally to all
>and then make an individual adjustment to create the exact format the
>person requires. However, doesn't the need to make individual
>adjustments focus on the individual impairment rather than the general
>barrier?  Or is the social model flexible enough to allow for both
>general and individual adjustments?
>
>As you can probably tell I'm quite confused about all this so if you
>have any suggestions or advice, or can point me in the direction of
>using reading, I will be very grateful,
>
>Thanks,
>
>Emma
>
>-- 
>Emma Jane Rowlett (née Wright)
>School of Sociology and Social Policy
>University of Nottingham
>
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>
>www.accessingmaterials.org.uk