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Subject: EPIC Alert 13.22
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E P I C A l e r t
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Volume 13.22 November 1, 2006
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Published by the
Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)
Washington, D.C.
http://www.epic.org/alert/EPIC_Alert_13.22.html
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Table of Contents
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[1] Two Reports Criticize Security, Privacy Holes in RFID Technology [2]
Microsoft Announces New Identity Management System [3] Voting Integrity
Group Recommends Measures for Election Day [4] Student Creates Fake Boarding
Passes to Show Air Security Flaws [5] EPIC Launches Privacy and Domestic
Violence Project [6] News in Brief [7] EPIC Bookstore: Aviel Rubin's "Brave
New Ballot"
[8] Upcoming Conferences and Events
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[1] Two Reports Criticize Security, Privacy Holes in RFID Technology
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The federal government has increasingly required radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags for identity documents, even though an expert
panel has opposed the adoption of the wireless technology. The draft report
has yet to be finalized for official release. In another report, researchers
revealed serious security vulnerabilities in RFID-enabled credit cards that
would allow for fraud.
RFID technology is a part of several federal identification documents.
The Department of Homeland security last year began using RFID-enabled
I-94 forms in its United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator
Technology (US-VISIT) program to track the entry and exit of visitors.
This year, the State Department started issuing RFID-enabled passports to
U.S. citizens. The State Department also is proposing to use RFID in its
"PASS card," an ID card for people entering the United States from certain
countries in North, Central or South America.
In the draft report, the Department of Homeland Security Data Privacy and
Integrity Advisory Committee warns against using RFID in in identification
documents. "RFID appears to offer little benefit when compared to the
consequences it brings for privacy and data integrity,"
the report says. Many have criticized the security and privacy problems
inherent in RFID. Recently, the European Commission announced it is
considering legislation to ensure privacy safeguards in the use of RFID
technology.
EPIC has previously explained that, in the absence of effective security
techniques, RFID tags are remotely and secretly readable. RFID-enabled ID
cards would allow for clandestine tracking of individuals, "skimming," and
"eavesdropping." Skimming occurs when information from an RFID chip is
surreptitiously gathered by an unauthorized individual.
Eavesdropping occurs when an individual intercepts data as it is read by an
authorized RFID reader.
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts and RSA Labs skimmed
RFID-enabled credit cards to reveal security vulnerabilities. In tests on 20
cards from Visa, MasterCard and American Express, they found that the cards
are transmitting the cardholder's name and other data in plain text and
without encryption. The researchers gathered the information from the cards
with small device made out of commercially available electronic components.
The researchers were able to use the stolen data to buy products online.
Department of Homeland Security Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory
Committee: The Use of RFID for Human Identification (pdf):
http://www.epic.org/redirect/dpiac1106.html
Research Paper: Vulnerabilities in First-Generation RFID-enabled Credit
Cards (pdf):
http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/~kevinfu/papers/RFID-CC-manuscript.pdf
EPIC's Spotlight on Surveillance: "Homeland Security PASS Card: Leave Home
Without It":
http://www.epic.org/privacy/surveillance/spotlight/0806
EPIC's Page on RFID:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/rfid/
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[2] Microsoft Announces New Identity Management System
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Microsoft recently announced a new identity management system "CardSpace
Identity Selector" that will be included as a Windows component embedded in
the Vista operating system. Microsoft executives described CardSpace as an
"identity metasystem" that allows a user to create multiple virtual ID
cards. Kim Cameron, chief identity architect at Microsoft, said each virtual
card created by the user would only contain the minimum amount of
information that individuals will need to divulge to carry out a transaction
applicable to the card. If the system works as advertised, it will be a
welcome change from Microsoft's original proposal for an Internet-based
identity system, dubbed "Passport."
In July 2001, EPIC and a coalition of consumer groups filed a complaint with
the Federal Trade Commission alleging that the Microsoft Passport system
violated Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits
unfair or deceptive practices in trade. In August 2002, the FTC agreed with
EPIC that Passport was flawed and settled with Microsoft. As part of the
settlement, Microsoft agreed to implement a comprehensive information
security program for Passport and similar services.
According to the FTC, "The proposed consent order prohibits any
misrepresentation of information practices in connection with Passport and
other similar services. It also requires Microsoft to implement and maintain
a comprehensive information security program. In addition, Microsoft must
have its security program certified as meeting or exceeding the standards in
the consent order by an independent professional every two years."
In the Final Order, the FTC also adopted a broad definition of "personally
identifiable information" that included not only name, address, email
address, phone number, and Social Security number, but also a persistent
identifier, such as a cookie, as well as any information that is combined
with any of the previous categories.
The European Commission launched an investigation of Microsoft Passport,
following the EPIC complaint to the FTC. The Article 29 Working Group,
European privacy experts, issued a report in 2003 concerning Online
Authentication Services.
Microsoft, "The Identity Metasystem: Towards Privacy-Compliant Solution to
the Challenges of Digital Identity":
http://www.epic.org/redirect/msoft_1006.html
Kim Cameron's Identity Weblog:
http://www.identityblog.com/
FTC Order: In the Matter of Microsoft Corporation, No. 1012-3240 (pdf):
http://www.ftc.gov/os/2002/08/microsoftagree.pdf
EPIC's FTC Complaint about Microsoft (pdf):
http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/MS_complaint.pdf
FTC, "Microsoft Settles FTC Charges Alleging False Security and Privacy
Promises":
http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/08/microsoft.htm
EPIC's Page on the Microsoft Passport Investigation:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/microsoft/passport.html
Article 29 Working Group, Online Authentication Services (pdf):
http://www.epic.org/redirect/a29.html
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[3] Voting Integrity Group Recommends Measures for Election Day
=======================================================================
The National Committee for Voting Integrity (NCVI) has prepared
recommendations to assist voters and election administrators. The guidance
was developed with the assistance of the Brennan Center for Justice and
addresses the use of electronic voting systems in the upcoming national
elections. NCVI and the Brennan Center warn that the recent implementation
of electronic voting systems will make ensuring that all votes are
accurately counted a difficult and challenging task.
They recommend that election officials should be prepared well in advance to
manage foreseeable failures. Particular focus should be placed on possible
remedial steps that may be taken to minimize the loss of votes due to
complications with implementation of statewide-centralized voter
registration databases and/or electronic poll books, as well as the casting
of ballots on touch screen direct recording electronic (DRE) voting machines
or paper optical scan voting systems. These recommendations also include
information on how to make the use of optical scan voting systems as
effective as possible.
They conclude that in the long term, there must be far better security and
reliability standards for electronic voting systems. They reiterate the
Brennan Center's 2004 and 2006 security and reliability recommendations for
these machines. They also endorse the immediate implementation of the
federal laboratory accreditation process to certify all electronic voting
systems to the Election Assistance Commission's 2005 Voluntary Voting System
Guidelines.
They advised election administrators who use statewide-centralized voter
registration databases to immediately implement the recommendations of the
Association for Computing Machinery's U.S. Public Policy Committee's Study
of Accuracy, Privacy, Usability, Security, and Reliability Issues, as well
as the Brennan Center's 2006 recommendations on the Database Matching and
Verification Processes for Voter Registration. Further, election
administrators who rely on automated central tabulating processes for
optical scan ballot systems should immediately evaluate those systems for
accuracy, reliability, and security.
About 87% of voters will use either optical scan or touch screen systems to
vote on Tuesday. EPIC highlighted the many security and privacy risks
associated with the use of electronic voting systems in its recent Spotlight
on Surveillance. EPIC explained that, though there are safeguards, most of
the local election jurisdictions have not put these in place.
National Committee for Voting Integrity's Recommendations:
http://votingintegrity.org/docs/help/recommend-2006.pdf
Brennan Center for Justice NYU School of Law:
http://www.brennancenter.org/
Election Assistance Commission's 2005 Voluntary Voting System
Guidelines:
http://www.eac.gov/vvsg_intro.htm
Association for Computing Machinery's U.S. Public Policy Committee's Study
of Accuracy, Privacy, Usability, Security, and Reliability Issues
(2006):
http://www.acm.org/usacm/VRD/
EPIC's September 2006 Spotlight on Surveillance: With Some Electronic Voting
Systems, Not All Votes Count
http://www.epic.org/privacy/surveillance/spotlight/0906/
EPIC's Page on Voting and Privacy:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/voting/
=======================================================================
[4] Student Creates Fake Boarding Passes to Show Air Security Flaws
=======================================================================
After an Indiana University graduate student created a Web site that allows
users to forge their own airline boarding passes, the FBI searched his home
and seized equipment. However, this particular security flaw has been
highlighted by experts before.
Doctoral candidate Christopher Soghoian created the Northwest Airlines
Boarding Pass Generator Web site to highlight the problem with airport
security. At the site (http://www.dubfire.net/boarding_pass/), which has
since been taken down, a person could enter a name and flight data
(departure city, flight number, etc.) and print a fake Northwest Airlines
boarding pass that would get him past airport security checkpoints.
"I don't want to help terrorists or help bad guys do bad things on
airplanes, but what we have now is what we in the industry call 'security
theater.' It's made to make you think you're secure without actually making
you secure," Soghoian told ABC News. "As a member of the academic research
community, I consider this to be a public service."
When Jim Harper, Director of Information Policy Studies at the Cato
Institute, tried boarding a plane without a photo ID, he was asked to
undergo "secondary screening" by airport security. After that, he was
allowed to board the plane. He said that "secondary screening" actually had
the advantage of allowing him to skip to the head of the security line.
The fake boarding pass problem is not new; it has been discussed extensively
prior to Soghoian's site. In fact, New York Sen. Charles Schumer, security
expert Bruce Schneier, and a reporter at Slate Magazine have previously
explained step-by-step how to create a fake boarding pass, in order to show
the security problem.
Christopher Soghoian's blog:
http://slightparanoia.blogspot.com/
EPIC's Page on ID Cards:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/id_cards/
Fake Boarding Pass Instructions:
Bruce Schneier: http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0308.html#6
Sen. Schumer: http://www.epic.org/redirect/sch_pass.html
Slate Magazine: http://www.slate.com/id/2152507/
=======================================================================
[5] EPIC Launches Privacy and Domestic Violence Project
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This October, Domestic Violence Awareness Month, EPIC launched its Domestic
Violence and Privacy project. The project will focus EPIC's expertise on the
privacy problems raised by domestic violence. Guilherme Roschke, a Skadden
Fellow, will pursue the project over the next two years.
Victims often share much of their private lives with their abusers, and thus
are particularly exposed to privacy invasions. Furthermore, weak data
protection and privacy invasive technologies can be exploited by abusers
seeking to hurt their victims. What are normal privacy risks faced by us all
become matters of life and death in the domestic violence and stalking
context.
The Domestic Violence and Privacy project will provide legal assistance to
domestic violence practitioners. The goal of this work is to develop a
two-way relationship between EPIC and domestic violence practitioners.
EPIC's privacy expertise and research will aid the representation of
client's whose privacy has been harmed. In turn, this experience with
domestic violence practitioners will inform EPIC's general privacy advocacy
work. With both of these practices, privacy protection for a vulnerable
part of our community will be increased.
Several specific privacy issues that EPIC works on affect domestic violence.
The use of surveillance technologies such as spyware and other wiretaps. The
use of pretexting to gain cell phone and other records.
The use of personal information for identity theft. The protection of
personal data in the hands of data brokers. The safeguarding of data in
government and court records. The protection of confidential data in the
hands of domestic violence service providers.
Guilherme Roschke was an IPIOP Clerk at EPIC during the summer of 2005 when
he developed the project, and is a graduate of the George Washington
University Law School. The Skadden Fellowship Foundation is funding his
project.
EPIC's Page on Domestic Violence:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/dom_violence/
Skadden Fellowship Foundation:
http://www.skaddenfellowships.org
EPIC's Page on the IPIOP Clerkship Program:
http://www.epic.org/epic/jobs.html
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[6] News in Brief
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Consumer Privacy Groups File Complaint About Online Advertising
The Center for Digital Democracy and the U.S. Public Interest Research
Group have filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, calling on
the commission to undertake a formal investigation of online advertising
practices. According to the organizations, data collection and interactive
marketing is designed to track Internet users wherever they go, creating
data profiles used in personalized "one-to-one"
targeting schemes. The groups say privacy disclosure policies fail to
effectively inform users what data are being collected and how that
information is subsequently used.
Complaint and Request for Inquiry and Injunctive Relief Concerning Unfair
and Deceptive Online Marketing Practices (Nov. 1, 2006) (pdf):
http://www.democraticmedia.org/PDFs/FTCadprivacy.pdf
EPIC's Page on the Microsoft Passport Investigation:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/microsoft/passport.html
Privacy International Releases Report on Freedom of Information Laws
Privacy International has released a survey that provides a comprehensive
review of Freedom of Information Laws and practices in nearly 70 countries.
"Freedom of Information Around the World 2006 Global Survey of Access to
Government Information Laws" describes the growing world-wide movement to
adopt Freedom of Information laws. More than a dozen countries have adopted
new laws and decrees in the last two years. The survey also details many
problems such as poorly drafted laws, lax implementation and an ongoing
culture of secrecy in many countries.
Freedom of Information Around the World 2006 Global Survey of Access to
Government Information Laws (2006):
http://www.privacyinternational.org/foi/survey
EPIC's Open Government Project:
http://www.epic.org/open_gov/
YouTube Shared User Data with Movie Studio.
In response to a subpoena from Viacom Inc.'s Paramount Pictures,
movie-hosting Web site YouTube turned over data on one of its users.
Paramount then sued the creator of a 12-minute movie posted on YouTube that
included dialogue from the movie studio's film "Lord of the Rings:
The Two Towers. " The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), allows a
copyright owner or a person on the owner's behalf to ask a district court
clerk "to issue a subpoena to a service provider for identification of an
alleged [copyright] infringer." The act's subpoena provisions have
previously been litigated in Verizon v. RIAA, in which EPIC filed a "friend
of the court" brief.
EPIC's Page on Verizon v. RIAA:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/copyright/verizon/
Calif. Governor Uses Database on Consumer Habits to Target Voters
California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger's campaign team has created a vast
computer database on personal buying habits and voter records of millions of
people in order to identify likely supporters. Names, phone numbers,
addresses, consumer preferences, voting histories and other demographic
information are being compiled. Campaign officials say the data allows them
to target residents with phone calls, mailing, and home visits from campaign
volunteers, with messages tailored to issues presumed to be important to the
resident. Others have created similar databases to target potential voters,
including President Bush's 2004 re-election team and the Democratic National
Committee.
EPIC's Page on ChoicePoint, a data broker:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/choicepoint/
DNA database increasingly being used for property crimes
The FBI's database of criminal DNA, CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), which
was created to help solve violent crimes such as rape and murder, is
increasingly being used in burglaries and other property crimes. In 10
states -- Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio,
Oregon, Virginia and Wisconsin -- the total number of DNA matches in
property crimes cases has exceeded the number of matches in violent crimes.
Some experts attribute the rise in property crime matches to increasingly
sophisticated DNA testing and the fact that government funds for DNA
analysis, once limited to testing matches in violent crimes, can now be used
in property crimes. For 17 years, the states, federal government, and
military have collected DNA from those convicted of felonies (more recently,
some states have begun collecting DNA samples from people convicted of
misdemeanors or arrested for certain felonies). The database contains
profiles from approximately 3.5 million people.
EPIC's Page on Genetic Privacy:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/genetic/
Firefox Introduces Flawed Anti-Phishing Feature
The anti-phishing technique in Firefox 2.0 transmits the URL of each Web
site a user visits to Google. Google says that it will compare the URL with
a database of known fraudulent sites, but Google has not said what else it
might do with the URLs it collects. "Phishing Protection"
is turned on by default in Firefox 2. Earlier this year, a federal judge
made clear that there were privacy interests in the collection and
disclosure of URLs and search terms. EPIC has identified privacy problems
with other Google services, such as Gmail, including the fact that Google is
building profiles on Internet users by aggregating data from seacrh
histories and different Google services.
Firefox, "Phishing Protection":
http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/phishing-protection/
Gonzales v. Google, Inc., No. CV 06-8006MISC JW (Mar. 17, 2006) (pdf):
http://www.google.com/press/images/ruling_20060317.pdf
EPIC's Page on Gmail Privacy:
http://www.epic.org/privacy/gmail/faq.html
=======================================================================
[7] EPIC Bookstore: Aviel Rubin's "Brave New Ballot"
=======================================================================
"Brave New Ballot: The Battle to Safeguard Democracy in the Age of
Electronic Voting" by Aviel Rubin (Morgan Road 2006).
http://www.powells.com/partner/24075/biblio/0767922107
Dr. Aviel Rubin is a Professor of Computer Science at Johns Hopkins
University and an advocate for electronic voting technology reform. His book
recounts his evolution from seeing electronic voting security as an
interesting academic or research problem, to a serious threat to our
nation's democracy. Dr. Rubin along with other computer technologists have
brought their knowledge about computer system vulnerabilities to the debate
on modernizing elections. A few years ago, Dr. Rubin published a critical
report about Diebold's AccuVote-TS voting technology sold to the state of
Maryland. The book lays out the case that, when the largest supplier of
paperless electronic voting systems, Diebold Election Systems, was presented
with evidence that one of its most popular voting models had serious
security flaws, they attacked the messenger. Diebold's reaction to the
report was to unleash a personal and professional attack against Dr. Rubin.
For those who think that the debate about electronic voting technology is
just a polite discussion and not a battle -- read Dr. Rubin's book.
This is a great book for those interested in learning about one of the many
heroes who labored to speak truth to the powers that be and move the issue
of electronic voting technology security from the notice of technologists to
front page news.
-- Lillie Coney
================================
EPIC Publications:
"Information Privacy Law: Cases and Materials, Second Edition" Daniel J.
Solove, Marc Rotenberg, and Paul Schwartz. (Aspen 2005). Price: $98.
http://www.epic.org/redirect/aspen_ipl_casebook.html
This clear, comprehensive introduction to the field of information privacy
law allows instructors to enliven their teaching of fundamental concepts by
addressing both enduring and emerging controversies. The Second Edition
addresses numerous rapidly developing areas of privacy law, including:
identity theft, government data mining and electronic surveillance law, the
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, intelligence sharing, RFID tags, GPS,
spyware, web bugs, and more.
Information Privacy Law, Second Edition, builds a cohesive foundation for an
exciting course in this rapidly evolving area of law.
================================
"Privacy & Human Rights 2005: An International Survey of Privacy Laws and
Developments" (EPIC 2006). Price: $60.
http://www.epic.org/bookstore/phr2005/phr2005.html
This annual report by EPIC and Privacy International provides an overview of
key privacy topics and reviews the state of privacy in over 70 countries
around the world. The report outlines legal protections, new challenges, and
important issues and events relating to privacy.
Privacy & Human Rights 2005 is the most comprehensive report on privacy and
data protection ever published.
================================
"FOIA 2004: Litigation Under the Federal Open Government Laws," Harry
Hammitt, David Sobel and Tiffany Stedman, editors (EPIC 2004). Price:
$40.
http://www.epic.org/bookstore/foia2004
This is the standard reference work covering all aspects of the Freedom of
Information Act, the Privacy Act, the Government in the Sunshine Act, and
the Federal Advisory Committee Act. The 22nd edition fully updates the
manual that lawyers, journalists and researchers have relied on for more
than 25 years. For those who litigate open government cases (or need to
learn how to litigate them), this is an essential reference manual.
================================
"The Public Voice WSIS Sourcebook: Perspectives on the World Summit on the
Information Society" (EPIC 2004). Price: $40.
http://www.epic.org/bookstore/pvsourcebook
This resource promotes a dialogue on the issues, the outcomes, and the
process of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). This
reference guide provides the official UN documents, regional and
issue-oriented perspectives, and recommendations and proposals for future
action, as well as a useful list of resources and contacts for individuals
and organizations that wish to become more involved in the WSIS process.
================================
"The Privacy Law Sourcebook 2004: United States Law, International Law, and
Recent Developments," Marc Rotenberg, editor (EPIC 2005). Price:
$40.
http://www.epic.org/bookstore/pls2004/
The Privacy Law Sourcebook, which has been called the "Physician's Desk
Reference" of the privacy world, is the leading resource for students,
attorneys, researchers, and journalists interested in pursuing privacy law
in the United States and around the world. It includes the full texts of
major privacy laws and directives such as the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the
Privacy Act, and the OECD Privacy Guidelines, as well as an up-to-date
section on recent developments. New materials include the APEC Privacy
Framework, the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act, and the CAN-SPAM Act.
================================
"Filters and Freedom 2.0: Free Speech Perspectives on Internet Content
Controls" (EPIC 2001). Price: $20.
http://www.epic.org/bookstore/filters2.0
A collection of essays, studies, and critiques of Internet content
filtering. These papers are instrumental in explaining why filtering
threatens free expression.
================================
EPIC publications and other books on privacy, open government, free
expression, crypto and governance can be ordered at:
EPIC Bookstore http://www.epic.org/bookstore
"EPIC Bookshelf" at Powell's Books
http://www.powells.com/features/epic/epic.html
================================
EPIC also publishes EPIC FOIA Notes, which provides brief summaries of
interesting documents obtained from government agencies under the Freedom of
Information Act.
Subscribe to EPIC FOIA Notes at:
https://mailman.epic.org/cgi-bin/control/foia_notes
=======================================================================
[8] Upcoming Conferences and Events
=======================================================================
28th International Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners'
Conference. November 2-3, 2006. London, United Kingdom. For more
information:
http://www.privacyconference2006.co.uk/
BSR 2006 Annual Conference. Business for Social Responsibility. November
7-10, 2006. New York, New York. For more information:
http://www.bsr.org/BSRConferences/index.cfm
Assessing Current Privacy Issues. Riley Information Services, Inc.
February 21, 2007. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. For more information:
http://www.rileyis.com/seminars/
5th Conference on Privacy and Public Access to Court Records. Center for
Legal and Court Technology and Administrative Office of the United States
Courts. March 22-23, 2007. Williamsburg, Virginia. For more
information:
http://www.courtaccess.org/
CFP2007: Computers, Freedom, and Privacy Conference. Association for
Computing Machinery. May 2007. Montreal, Canada. For more information:
http://www.cfp2007.org
======================================================================
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About EPIC
=======================================================================
The Electronic Privacy Information Center is a public interest research
center in Washington, DC. It was established in 1994 to focus public
attention on emerging privacy issues such as the Clipper Chip, the Digital
Telephony proposal, national ID cards, medical record privacy, and the
collection and sale of personal information. EPIC publishes the EPIC Alert,
pursues Freedom of Information Act litigation, and conducts policy research.
For more information, see http://www.epic.org or write EPIC, 1718
Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009. +1 202
483 1140 (tel), +1 202 483 1248 (fax).
If you'd like to support the work of the Electronic Privacy Information
Center, contributions are welcome and fully tax-deductible. Checks should
be made out to "EPIC" and sent to 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 200,
Washington, DC 20009. Or you can contribute online at:
http://www.epic.org/donate
Your contributions will help support Freedom of Information Act and First
Amendment litigation, strong and effective advocacy for the right of privacy
and efforts to oppose government regulation of encryption and expanding
wiretapping powers.
Thank you for your support.
------------------------- END EPIC Alert 13.22 -------------------------
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