Journal of Cold War Studies Volume 7, Number 1, Winter 2005
CONTENTS
Kramer, Mark.
a.. Editor's Note
Kramer, Mark.
a.. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within
the Soviet Union (Part 3)
Subjects:
a.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- Europe, Eastern.
b.. Europe, Eastern -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
c.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1985-1991.
d.. Soviet Union -- Politics and government -- 1985-1991.
e.. Civil-military relations -- Soviet Union.
f.. Warsaw Treaty Organization.
Abstract:
This is the concluding part of a three-part article that discusses the
transformation of SovietEast European relations in the late 1980s and the
impact of the sweeping changes in Eastern Europe on the Soviet Union. This
final segment is divided into two main parts: First, it provides an extended
analysis of the bitter public debate that erupted in the Soviet Union in
1990 and 1991 about the "loss" of Eastern Europe and the collapse of the
Warsaw Pact. The debate roiled the Soviet political system and fueled the
hardline backlash against Mikhail Gorbachev. Second, this part of the
article offers a concluding section that highlights the theoretical
implications of the article as a whole. The article, as the conclusion
shows, sheds light on recent literature concerning the diffusion of
political innovations and the external context of democratization and
political change.
Special Forum: The Marshall Plan and the Origins of the Cold War Reassessed
Cox, Michael.
Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
a.. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy? Rethinking the Marshall Plan
Subjects:
a.. Marshall Plan.
b.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
c.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Abstract:
Two British scholars reassess what they view as the decisive episode in
the early Cold War, the Marshall Plan. Far from seeing the Plan as a mere
act of generosity by the United States, they argue that it was an integral
part of an increasingly aggressive U.S. posture toward the Soviet Union. The
Soviet Union was still seeking a cooperative relationship with the United
States, but the U.S. decision to establish a European Recovery Program (ERP)
without a sincere intention of including the Soviet Union posed a threat to
Soviet security interests. Josif Stalin wanted to prevent the United States
from luring the East European countries away from the Soviet Union's sphere
of influence and into the Western sphere. Although Stalin was reluctant to
abandon his bid for close cooperation with the West, the Marshall Plan left
him with little choice. As the ERP progressed, Stalin drastically tightened
his hold over Eastern Europe and imposed Soviet-style systems on the
countries in the region. The Marshall Plan thus had the "tragic" effect of
creating a long-term divide in Europe that consigned tens of millions of
people to life under tyranny.
Responses
Five distinguished scholars offer separate commentaries on the article by
Michael Cox and Caroline Kennedy-Pipe. All of the commentators reject the
broad interpretation and many of the specific arguments put forth by Cox and
Kennedy-Pipe. They point out several crucial issues that are omitted from
the article and raise questions about the authors' sources, use of evidence,
and selective invocation of secondary literature. They regret that Cox and
Kennedy-Pipe seem to dwell on a large number of the same matters that
preoccupied radical revisionist historians in the 1960s. They argue that
although Cox and Kennedy-Pipe offer a more sophisticated version of
revisionism, their article suffers from many of the same shortcomings. Most
of the commentators believe that the Marshall Plan merely reflected a
division of Europe that was already well under way rather than being the
precipitating cause. In that sense, the debate on the origins of the Cold
War needs to go well beyond the issues raised by Cox and Kennedy-Pipe.
Trachtenberg, Marc, 1946-
a.. The Marshall Plan as Tragedy
Subjects:
a.. Cox, Michael. Tragedy of American diplomacy? rethinking the Marshall
Plan.
b.. Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
c.. Marshall Plan.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
f.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
g.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Bischof, Gunter, 1953-
a.. The Advent of Neo-Revisionism?
Subjects:
a.. Cox, Michael. Tragedy of American diplomacy? rethinking the Marshall
Plan.
b.. Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
c.. Marshall Plan.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
f.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
g.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Bonds, John Bledsoe, 1939-
a.. Looking for Love (or Tragedy) in All the Wrong Places
Subjects:
a.. Cox, Michael. Tragedy of American diplomacy? rethinking the Marshall
Plan.
b.. Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
c.. Marshall Plan.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
f.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
g.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Borhi, Laszlo.
a.. Was American Diplomacy Really Tragic?
Subjects:
a.. Cox, Michael. Tragedy of American diplomacy? rethinking the Marshall
Plan.
b.. Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
c.. Marshall Plan.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
f.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
g.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Maier, Charles S.
a.. The Marshall Plan and the Division of Europe
Subjects:
a.. Cox, Michael. Tragedy of American diplomacy? rethinking the Marshall
Plan.
b.. Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
c.. Marshall Plan.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
f.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
g.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Rejoinder
Cox, Michael.
Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 1961-
a.. The Tragedies of American Foreign Policy: Further Reflections
Subjects:
a.. Marshall Plan.
b.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
c.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States.
d.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1953.
e.. Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1991.
Abstract:
Cox and Kennedy-Pipe offer a staunch defense of their article, arguing
that the commentators generally missed the point of what the article was
supposed to accomplish. Rather than providing an exhaustive account of the
early Cold War and all the complications posed by Germany, the article
sought to distill the essence of U.S. and Soviet strategies. The basic
problem, as highlighted in the article, is that the United States would not
accept the extension of Soviet influence into Eastern Europe and that, in
opposing and seeking to roll back Soviet influence, U.S. officials sealed
the fate of the East European countries.
Book Reviews
Kennedy, David M.
a.. Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (review)
Subjects:
a.. Gaddis, John Lewis. Surprise, security, and the American experience.
b.. United States -- Foreign relations.
Stent, Angela.
a.. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign
Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999 (review)
Subjects:
a.. Hopf, Ted, 1959- Social construction of international politics:
identities and foreign policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999.
b.. International relations -- Social aspects.
Hurrell, Andrew, 1955-
a.. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the
Making of the Contemporary World (review)
Subjects:
a.. Iriye, Akira. Global community: the role of international
organizations in the making of the contemporary world.
b.. Non-governmental organizations.
Haas, Mark L.
a.. Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates (review)
Subjects:
a.. Wohlforth, William Curti, 1959-, ed. Cold War endgame: oral history,
analysis, debates.
b.. Cold War.
Mueller, John E.
a.. The Gulf War of 1991 Reconsidered (review)
Subjects:
a.. Bacevich, A. J., ed. Gulf War of 1991 reconsidered.
b.. Inbar, Efraim, 1947-, ed.
c.. Persian Gulf War, 1991 -- Congresses.
Feldstein, Ruth, 1965-
a.. Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy
(review)
Subjects:
a.. Dean, Robert D., 1956- Imperial brotherhood: gender and the making
of Cold War foreign policy.
b.. United States -- Foreign relations -- 1945-1989 -- Social aspects.
Gramer, Regina U.
a.. The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943-1948 (review)
Subjects:
a.. Varsori, Antonio, 1951-, ed. Failure of peace in Europe, 1943-1948.
b.. Calandri, Elena, ed.
c.. World War, 1939-1945 -- Peace.
Gleason, Abbott.
a.. Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian
Perspectives (review)
Subjects:
a.. Levering, Ralph B. Debating the origins of the Cold War: American
and Russian perspectives.
b.. United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union -- Sources.
Coleman, David G.
a.. Spies Beneath Berlin (review)
Subjects:
a.. Stafford, David. Spies beneath Berlin.
b.. Operation Stopwatch/Gold, Berlin, Germany, 1955-1956.
Herspring, Dale R. (Dale Roy)
a.. The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918-1941
(review)
Subjects:
a.. Erickson, John, 1929- Soviet high command: a military-political
history, 1918-1941.
b.. Soviet Union. Raboche-Krestianskaia Krasnaia -- History.
Anderson, Richard (Richard Davis), 1950-
a.. Speaking in Soviet Tongues: Language Culture and the Politics of Voice
in Revolutionary Russia (review)
Subjects:
a.. Gorham, Michael S. Speaking in Soviet tongues: language culture and
the politics of voice in revolutionary Russia.
b.. Soviet Union -- Languages -- Political aspects.
Hollander, Paul, 1932-
a.. Enemies of the State: Personal Stories from the Gulag (review)
Subjects:
a.. Critchlow, Donald T., 1948-, ed. Enemies of the state: personal
stories from the Gulag.
b.. Critchlow, Agnieszka, ed.
c.. Prisoners -- Communist countries -- Biography.
Silins, Ints.
a.. Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity, and Revolution in Latvia
(review)
Subjects:
a.. Eglitis, Daina Stukuls. Imagining the nation: history, modernity,
and revolution in Latvia.
b.. Latvia -- Social conditions.
Terrill, Ross.
a.. Mao: A Reinterpretation (review)
Subjects:
a.. Feigon, Lee, 1945- Mao: a reinterpretation.
b.. Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976.
Muravchik, Joshua.
a.. In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage (review)
Subjects:
a.. Haynes, John Earl. In denial: historians, communism and espionage.
b.. Klehr, Harvey.
c.. Communist Party of the United States -- History -- Archival
resources.
Contributors
a.. Contributors
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