> With regard to the specific point on health screening it
> would be useful
> to know since when women have outlived men. Any ideas?
My understanding is that women's greater expection of life as compared with
men has been evident for as long as statistics on the matter have been
available. But there are substantial country to country variations. The
difference is 10-12 years for Russia at one extreme, but is very small for
India - only a year or so.
A few decades ago western demographers put down the difference to cultural
influences and expected the rates in western countries to converge as women
took up activities like paid employment and smoking that had a major
influence on male death rates. Women have taken up these activities but the
difference in life expectation remains.
In the case of Russia the relatively high mortality rate for men can be
associated with alcohol consumption that is estimated at nine times the
level for women, and, in recent years, to demoralisation associated with
loss of employment in the transition from soviet government to what they
call grabitalism.
Ray Thomas, Social Sciences, Open University
Tel: 01908 679081 Fax 01908 550401
Email: [log in to unmask]
35 Passmore, Milton Keynes MK6 3DY
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