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>Dear Dr Siff, Thank you for your comments. The purpose of my query was with regard to normal functional movement rather than specific to a particular type of lifting activity, although I appreciate the points that you make. Many people, when asked to squat to the floor do so by simply allowing their knees to flex under them, with resulting movement of the knee complex over the toes,the heels lifting off the ground, and their spine staying more or less vertical. However, when asked to 're-learn' a form of flat foot squat, and integrate it into their normal activities, there is generally an improvement in many of their symptoms with regard to both knee and low back pain. I would be interested to know the type of forces, and activity produced by the knee and hip extensors during this type of activity as compared to variations of flat foot squats. It appears that during the 'heel lift squat', the hip extensors are less active, and the quads and patello femoral joint are placed under a larger strain. I apologise if the question appears simplistic, but I would appreciate any thoughts that yourself or anyone else may be able to offer. Jon Baldwin ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%