In a message dated 10-1-1999 3:59:18 PM Eastern Daylight Time, [log in to unmask] writes: > I do not know of any evidence for Ireland being a refuge for Jews. > > Francine Nicholson > I was thinking that the Byzantine monks, if they indeed fled to Ireland, had to cross western Europe to do this, and must have regarded it as worthwhile. As you seem to know the literature, what exactly does it say about where the Jews went after being expelled from England? If the question isn't asked or isn't answered, do you think Ireland would have been more tolerant or less tolerant towards non-Christians (Jews and Saracens) than, say, France or Germany at the time? Also, since you seem pretty certain that the earliest arrival of Jews in England would not have been after the expuslion from England, what's your alternate date for their arrival? Later, I presume. But when? pat sloane %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%