The 80% confidence level "magic number" is approx 1.28. Thus mutiplied by SQRT 2, this gives a value of 1.81 (good enough for government purposes). This topic is addressed by Dr Callum Fraser in his December Guest Lecturer article on Westgard's site http://www.westgard.com <http://www.westgard.com> Ralph Katzenell Customer Support Orsys Ltd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%