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Dear All. I am a PhD student who is involved in analyzing the dynamic response of offshore structures subjected to wave loading, using the ABAQUS AQUA option. In ABAQUS:AQUA the Morisons formula uses the "effective outer diameter" to calculate the drag forces exerted on the structure. Having looked at the Examples Manual in which a similar problem(riser dynamics) is investigated the diameter of the pipe is 1.33ft but the so-called "effective" outer diameter is equal to 2.167ft. Approx. 1.6 times bigger. Hence it would be most appreciated and helpful if any users of the ABAQUS:AQUA facility could offer me an explanation of how the "effective" outer diameter is derived. Thank you very much. G.Grewal. (University of Wales Swansea:Civil Eng. Dept.) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%