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Dear Thomas Wetzstein, I entirely agree that permission for (local or universal) public veneration, public cultus, in other words, was the chief 'sign' of papally vetted sanctity (canonization) as laid down in the *Liber Extra* and discussed by canonists. (But as you know, the Fourth Lateran also insisted on the papal approval of all new relics.) Institutionalized memory, I would argue, is another matter. Each local community could remember its own beati. Canonized saints, however, were those who generally lived in the memory of the church as a whole, both in respect to authorized, universal, annual feast days, and in medieval universal or (general) ecclesiastical histories (e.g. a work I was looking at today, the *Historia ecclesiastica* of Ptolemaeus of Lucca, Muratori, RIS, XI, cols. 753-1242). The humble and neglected chroniclers, after all--more than either the proud theologians or domineering canonists--were the memory cells of the church. Gary Dickson University of Edinburgh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%