James Naugle wrote: > Does anyone > know of any studies which give a percentage of asymptomatic herniations > or bulges that can be expected in a so-called "normal" sample? There was a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1994 which showed the rate to be as high as 66% - I can't put my finger on it right now. You might also take a look at: Boos N et al., Tissue characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic disc herniation by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1997;15:141-9. -- Dean Farwood, P.T. Precision Spine Training San Rafael, CA, USA http://www.sirius.com/~farwood/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%