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I suggest a reading of one of Bertrand Meyer's texts on Eiffel, particularly "Object Oriented Software Construction, 2nd Ed." Be aware that in most languages inheritance has two semantic aspects, a form of "macro" as a way of implementing code based on similar code, and a form of "dynamic" dispatch that assumes that similar code can be used in similar contexts. Restricting access priveledges of inherited code is consistent with the first, but not the second, aspect. Restricting access is acceptable provided inheritance can be decoupled from polymorphism. Expanding access priveledges requires detailed knowledge of the original source code, but is otherwise consistent with both aspects of inheritance. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%