Ruth Melnikoff has published an interesting book called, I believe, "Outsiders: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art" (U of California 1996?) in which she analyses many different "signs" of otherness, mostly the Jew as other, through colour (Yellow), facial features, shape of hat, etc. She seems to find some extensive and sometimes quite subtle distinctions being made through a multitude of visual media. Her bibliography is outstanding as well. Terry %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%