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Dear Conway, Jan van Herwaarden has worked extensively about this (*Opgelegde Bedevaarten [Assen, Amsterdam, 1978]); but I think you'll also find some information in Ronald C. Finucane, *Miracles and Pilgrims* (London, 1977) or Jonathan Sumption, *Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion* (London, 1975); see also J. J. Jusserand, *English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages* trans. Lucy Toulmin Smith (London, New York, 1961). Cheers, Christoph > > Hi all > > I recently read that in the medieval church the person required to do > some form of penance could, if they had the money, pay someone else to > do it for them. > > Unfortunately I have mislaid my written refernce, can anyone help? > Conway Churchill > University of Leeds > [log in to unmask] > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%