Theresa The best erefernce I can offer is the collection called "The Peace of God: Social Violence and Religious Response in France Around the Year 1000." Edited by Thomas Head and Richard Landes, Cornell UP, 1992. It's a wonderful collection with varied points of view and will undoubtedly lead to other references. Hope this helps, Regards Terry (Also Teresa, but named after the boring one, Lisieux not Avila) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%