>Esther, > > Is this related to the symbolism invoked in the story Ephraim of Bonn >tells of the young Jewish woman exhumed in a Crusade pogram and hanged with a >rat tied around her neck? I've wondered for a while what that meant. > > Susan Einbinder Susan - Oops - here my ignorance is discovered. It sounds like the same theme of Jewish animalization. There's a whole iconography, with monkeys, owls, etc. equated with Jews, but I had never encountered rats! Esther Cohen, Jerusalem %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%