Paul Robinson suggested that if the patient feels better, this is surely a positive outcome. Certainly - but an outcome of what ? It may be that the patient feels better because he/she has had access to therapist time, or for some other non-specific reason (including merely participating in a research study about which his/her doctor is very enthusiastic). This cannot demonstrate that the therapy is effective. A 'befriender' or untrained volunteer might have the same effect. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%