Hello, You need to use the -e option with the design.grp file for a paired test ( see https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Randomise/UserGuide#Two-Sample_Paired_T-test_.28Paired_Two-Group_Difference.29 for more details ) - can you try rerunning with that option and see if anything changes? Kind Regards Matthew > Dear FSL experts, > > I am using two-sample paired t-test using Randomise using TFCE (n=15 conditions=pre, peri). When I threshold at 0.95 and 1, there are no significant voxels/clusters at all. This is against what I expected, as normal higher-level FEAT (with clustering threshold) returns several significant voxels/clusters - It seems strange to conclude that none of these clusters are significant because those were not deemed significant in Randomise. > > Even in one sample t-test for each condition, for the regions deemed significant in higher-level FEAT contrast images, there is a huge difference in terms of significance, further supporting that the regions should be deemed significant in contrast images. > > Can anyone provide me some insight? > Thanks, > > Here are the commands I used. (For design.mat, the entries followed the conventional design matrix scheme for paired t-test) > > randomise -i LC_peri_vs_pre.nii.gz -o LC_peri_vs_pre -d design.mat -t design.con -n 5000 -T > > #design.grp > /NumWaves 1 > /NumPoints 30 > > /Matrix > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 > 9 > 10 > 11 > 12 > 13 > 14 > 15 > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 > 9 > 10 > 11 > 12 > 13 > 14 > 15 > > #design.con > /ContrastName1 condition A > B > /ContrastName2 condition B > A > /NumWaves 16 > /NumContrasts 2 > /PPheights 2.000000e+00 2.000000e+00 > /RequiredEffect 2.368 2.368 > > /Matrix > 1.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 > -1.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00