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Annelise, your medical friend is going to have to let us know more specifically what he means by 'pathological.' If his interest or specialty leans toward osteopathy, then he's likely to regard any synostosis of the skull sutures in a mature animal as pathological, even if the skull is geriatric. Besides that, in horses there are many, many examples of pathological fusion of the petrous temporal bone to the surrounding cranial elements, and of the upper part of the stylohyoid to the petrous temporal bone. These have two causes, one being strep infection and the other (I think more common in domestic equines) due to trauma (usually human-induced trauma, not kicks to the head). Hope this is helpful....Dr. Deb > Hello Zooarchers, > > A request for you on behalf of a medical student: have any of you ever > encountered paleopathological cases of craniostenosis/craniosynostosis in > animal remains? He is particularly interested in non-human primate remains > (and even more specifically in macaques Macacus Sylvanus), but any example > from any species would probably be of interest to him. > > Please reply directly to Philippe Kargol, [log in to unmask] > > Many thanks in advance, > > Annelise > >