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To add to Ken's comprehensive overview. It may also be useful, historically, to connect with the history of engineering, particularly engineering design as an art, which is still part of the design and design research literature of engineering, as well as engineering design education. As a difference, engineering designers sign their work for different reasons than artists. Firstly, it is to take responsibility for the work. If something goes wrong or the design performs differently from intended, it is possible for to trace the responsibility and costs to the designer(s) involved. Secondly, in spite of every design drawing and details being signed for by the designers who have created them, the names of the designers are almost always hidden from the public in engineering design. This has many reasons. Its effect however is also to avoid vanity of the designers and mainlining the idea of professional design activity being a service that is purchased. So, engineering design has long been considered a creative 'art' of design with its visual languages and aesthetics of solutions, but a different art than 'art and design' Best wishes, Terry ----------------------------------------------------------------- PhD-Design mailing list <[log in to unmask]> Discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design Subscribe or Unsubscribe at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/phd-design -----------------------------------------------------------------