DRUG ABUSE :
SUBSTANCE ABUSE :
GOVERNMENT :
LAW :
BIBLIOGRAPHIES :
WEBLIOGRAPHIES:
Drug and Substance Abuse and Government and Law
Drug and Substance Abuse and Government and Law
.
.
U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration.
The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to
enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the
United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of
the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those
organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in
the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances
appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and
to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at
reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the
domestic and international markets.
In carrying out its mission as the agency responsible for enforcing
the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States,
the DEA's primary responsibilities include:
Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators
of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels.
Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug
gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens
through fear and intimidation.
Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with
federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and
disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information.
Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to
be used for illicit drug trafficking.
Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they
pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally
produced controlled substances.
Coordination and cooperation with federal, state and local law enforcement
officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such
efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international
investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources.
Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and
with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability
of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through
non-enforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and
training of foreign officials.
Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U.S.
Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement
counterparts in foreign countries.
Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters
relating to international drug control programs.
http://www.dea.gov/index.shtml
.
Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL).
INL programs support two of the Department's strategic goals:
To reduce the entry of illegal drugs into the United States; and
To minimize the impact of international crime on the United States
.
Drug Addiction Treatment in the Criminal Justice System
FROM The National Institute on Drug Abuse
Drug Use, Crime, and Incarceration
Why Family Support is Critical
Treatment Principles: An Overview
Principles for Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations:
A Research-Based Guide provides research-based principles of addiction
treatment. The 13 principles are:
Drug addiction is a brain disease that affects behavior. It affects people
both physically and mentally. It can alter the brain and body chemistry
for months or even years after a person stops using, so relapse is often
part of the recovery process. It should be treated like any other disease.
Recovery from drug addiction requires effective treatment, followed by
management of the problem over time. Drug users cannot alter their
behavior without taking care of their addiction. Treatment that starts in
prison or jail must continue after release. Treatment and recovery is hard
work that must continue throughout a user’s life.
Treatment must last long enough to produce stable behavioral change.
Without the right treatment, most drug users will use again once they
return to their neighborhoods, even though drugs might put them right
back in prison. Treatment should last long enough (90 days or more) to
help drug users learn to manage their own drug problems.
Assessment is the first step in treatment. Drug users need to be examined
by a doctor. The doctor might prescribe medicine, and will look for other
possible problems, such as depression and anxiety, or medical conditions
such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, or HIV/AIDS.
Tailoring services to fit the needs of the individual is an important part of
effective drug use treatment for criminal justice populations. Each drug
user has different needs regarding addiction counseling and treatment.
The best approaches take each person’s age, gender, ethnicity, culture,
Drug use during treatment should be carefully monitored. Individuals
recovering from drug addiction sometimes return to drug use, called
relapse. Testing for continued drug use is an important part of treatment.
Treatment should target factors that are associated with criminal behavior.
Offenders often have patterns of behavior, attitudes, and beliefs that
support a “criminal” lifestyle. Treatment that helps offenders avoid
negative thinking patterns can be effective.
Criminal justice supervision should incorporate treatment planning for
drug using offenders, and treatment providers should be aware of
correctional supervision requirements. It is important that corrections
personnel work with treatment providers to make sure the individual
treatment plan meets the needs of both the offender and the institution.
Continuity of care is essential for drug users re-entering the community.
People who start receiving treatment while incarcerated need to continue
A balance of rewards and sanctions encourages pro-social behavior and
treatment participation. During treatment, it is important that both
positive and negative behaviors are recognized.
Offenders with co-occurring drug use and mental health problems often
require an integrated treatment management approach. Drug treatment
can sometimes help people who have depression or other mental health
problems. It is important that these issues are addressed in treatment
Medications are an important part of treatment for many drug using
offenders. Medicines like methadone have been shown to help reduce
heroin use. Medicines for mental health issues can also be used as part
Treatment planning for drug using offenders who are living in or
re-entering the community should include strategies to prevent and treat
serious, chronic medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C,
and tuberculosis. Drug users and offenders are more likely to have infectious
diseases like HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. People seeking treatment
should be tested for these diseases and receive counseling on risky behaviors
.
Treatment Principles: An Overview
Principles for Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations:
provides research-based principles of addiction treatment.
Drug addiction is a brain disease that affects behavior. It affects people
both physically and mentally. It can alter the brain and body chemistry
for months or even years after a person stops using, so relapse is often
part of the recovery process. It should be treated like any other disease.
Recovery from drug addiction requires effective treatment, followed by
management of the problem over time. Drug users cannot alter their
behavior without taking care of their addiction. Treatment that starts in
prison or jail must continue after release. Treatment and recovery is hard
work that must continue throughout a user’s life.
Treatment must last long enough to produce stable behavioral change.
Without the right treatment, most drug users will use again once they
return to their neighborhoods, even though drugs might put them right
back in prison. Treatment should last long enough (90 days or more) to
help drug users learn to manage their own drug problems.
Assessment is the first step in treatment. Drug users need to be examined
by a doctor. The doctor might prescribe medicine, and will look for other
possible problems, such as depression and anxiety, or medical conditions
such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, or HIV/AIDS.
Tailoring services to fit the needs of the individual is an important part of
effective drug use treatment for criminal justice populations. Each drug
user has different needs regarding addiction counseling and treatment.
The best approaches take each person’s age, gender, ethnicity, culture,
Drug use during treatment should be carefully monitored. Individuals
recovering from drug addiction sometimes return to drug use, called
relapse. Testing for continued drug use is an important part of treatment.
Treatment should target factors that are associated with criminal behavior.
Offenders often have patterns of behavior, attitudes, and beliefs that
support a “criminal” lifestyle. Treatment that helps offenders avoid negative
thinking patterns can be effective.
Criminal justice supervision should incorporate treatment planning for drug
using offenders, and treatment providers should be aware of correctional
supervision requirements. It is important that corrections personnel work
with treatment providers to make sure the individual treatment plan meets
the needs of both the offender and the institution.
Continuity of care is essential for drug users re-entering the community.
People who start receiving treatment while incarcerated need to continue
A balance of rewards and sanctions encourages pro-social behavior and
treatment participation. During treatment, it is important that both positive
and negative behaviors are recognized.
Offenders with co-occurring drug use and mental health problems often
require an integrated treatment management approach. Drug treatment can
sometimes help people who have depression or other mental health problems.
It is important that these issues are addressed in treatment programs.
Medications are an important part of treatment for many drug using offenders.
Medicines like methadone have been shown to help reduce heroin use.
Medicines for mental health issues can also be used as part of treatment.
Treatment planning for drug using offenders who are living in or re-entering the
community should include strategies to prevent and treat serious, chronic
medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, and tuberculosis.
Drug users and offenders are more likely to have infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS,
hepatitis, and tuberculosis. People seeking treatment should be tested for these
diseases and receive counseling on risky behaviors and seeking medical advice.
Where to Get Treatment Information
When a drug user is arrested, he or she should ask if treatment is available.
The websites listed below can offer information on treatment in your area.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator
(searchable directory of alcohol and drug treatment programs)
http://www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov
or call the Treatment Helpline at 1-800-662-4357
National TASC/Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities (offers leadership,
advocacy, and policy recommendations for innovative treatment and recovery
supports that result in opportunities for justice-involved individuals with behavioral
health needs to achieve healthy and productive lives with their families and
National Institute on Drug Abuse, Principles of Adolescent Substance Use
Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide
References
[i] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for
Criminal Justice Populations: A Research-Based Guide. Bethesda, MD: National
Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH publication
No. 11-5316, revised 2012. Available at
[ii] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment
for Criminal Justice Populations: A Research-Based Guide. Bethesda, MD:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH publication
No. 11-5316, revised 2012. Available at
[iii] Glaze, L.E.; and Herberman, E.J. Correctional Populations in the United States,
2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013. Available at
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus12.pdf
[iv] Mumola, C.; and Karberg, J.C. Drug Use and Dependence,
State and Federal Prisoners, 2004. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf
[v] Office of National Drug Control Policy. Answers to frequently asked questions
about marijuana. WhiteHouse.gov. Accessed 20 April 2014. Available at
[vi] Office of National Drug Control Policy.
Answers to frequently asked questions about marijuana.
WhiteHouse.gov. Accessed 20 April 2014. Available at
[vii] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment
for Criminal Justice Populations: A Research-Based Guide. Bethesda, MD:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse.
NIH publication No. 11-5316, revised 2012. Available at
[viii] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment
for Criminal Justice Populations: A Research-Based Guide. Bethesda, MD:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH publication
No. 11-5316, revised 2012. Available at
[ix] Glaze, L.E.; and Maruschak, L.M. Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008 (revised 2010). Available at
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf
[x] McClelland, G.M.; Elkington, K.S.; Teplin, L.A.; and Abram, K.M.
Multiple substance use disorders in juvenile detainees.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15381888
[xi] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment
for Criminal Justice Populations: A Research-Based Guide. Bethesda, MD:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH publication
No. 11-5316, revised 2012. Available at
[xii] Mumola, C.; and Karberg, J.C.
Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners,
2004. Washington, DC:
.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007. Available at
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf
.
Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison FROM Dual Diagnosis.org
"Why Is Treatment More Important Than Prison?
Addiction treatmentSeeking treatment for an addiction or abuse
issue is critical to establishing a healthy lifestyle for the future.
When compared to prison or jail, drug treatment seems like a
no-brainer move because it tackles a contributing factor to the
crime and it costs less in the long-term. The costs of incarceration
are incredibly high as is, considering all the aspects of keeping a
prison or jail running (such as staff, structural maintenance,
The idea of using drug treatment as an alternative to incarceration
has proven to be relatively cost-effective for the states who have
.
The No-Help Cycle: Jail Fails Addicts
FROM The Scientific American. Blogs. White Noise
"Few Inmates with Substance Use Disorders Receive Treatment
Of the 1.5 million inmates with substance use disorders in 2006,
CASA estimates that only 163,196 (11.2 percent*) received any
type of professional treatment, including treatment in a residential
facility or unit (7.1 percent), professional counseling (5.2 percent)
or pharmacological therapy such as methadone, antibuse or
naltrexone (0.2 percent). Less than one percent (0.9 percent)
received detoxification services."
.
The Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Annual Report on Substance Abuse Treatment Programs Fiscal Year 2012.
Report to the Judiciary Committee United States C
The Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Annual Report on Substance Abuse Treatment Programs Fiscal Year 2012.
Report to the Judiciary Committee United States Congress
as Required by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
.
Substance Abuse Treatment FROM United States. Federal Bureau of Prisons
"The Bureau's drug abuse treatment strategy has grown and changed as
advances have occurred in substance treatment programs. Staff members
have maintained their expertise in treatment programming by monitoring
and incorporating improvements in the treatment and correctional programs
literature, research, and effective evidence-based practices.
Drug treatment studies for in-prison populations find that when programs
are well-designed, carefully implemented, and utilize effective practices they:
increase the level of the offender’s stake in societal norms
increase levels of education and employment upon return to the community
improve health and mental health symptoms and conditions
Collectively, these outcomes represent enormous safety and economic
.
Substance Abuse Treatment for Drug Users in The Criminal Justice System
FROM The Department of Health and Human Services.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/idu/facts/cj-satreat.pdf
.
Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System
"9 Treatment Issues Specific to Prisons
The unique characteristics of prisons have important implications for treating
clients in this setting. Though by no means exhaustive, this chapter highlights
the most salient issues affecting the delivery of effective treatment to a variety
of populations within the prison system. It describes the prison population as
of 2003, reviews the treatment services available and key issues affecting
treatment in this setting, and considers the question, “what treatment services
can reasonably be provided in the prison setting?” The prison therapeutic
community (TC) model is explored in depth and examples of in-prison TCs are
described. The chapter also looks at the treatment options available for certain
specific populations and at systems issues that affect all clients in prison settings.
The chapter concludes with some general recommendations for substance abuse
Key Issues Affecting Treatment in Prison Settings
What Treatment Services Can Reasonably Be Provided in the Prison Setting?
In-Prison Therapeutic Communities
Successful Prison-Based TC Programs
Specific Populations in Prisons
Co-Occurring Substance Use and Other Mental Disorders
Disincentives for Inmate Participation
Staff Training and Cross-Training
Recommendations and Further Research
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64123/
.
A Drug Policy for the 21st Century
"While law enforcement will always play a vital role in protecting our communities
from drug-related crime and violence, we simply cannot incarcerate our way out of
the drug problem. Put simply, an enforcement-centric “war on drugs” approach to
drug policy is counterproductive, inefficient, and costly. At the other extreme, drug
legalization also runs counter to a public health and safety approach to drug policy.
The more Americans use drugs, the higher the health, safety, productivity, and
criminal justice costs we all have to bear.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/drugpolicyreform
The Administration's 21st century drug policy plan provides an evidence based
alternative to these approaches. Here's how it works.
Emphasizing prevention over incarceration. Preventing drug use before it begins—
particularly among young people— is the most cost-effective way to reduce drug
use and its consequences. In fact, recent research has concluded that every dollar
invested in school-based substance use prevention programs has the potential to
save up to $18 in costs related to substance use disorders.
That's why the President's plan promotes the expansion of national and
community-based programs—such as the Drug Free Communities Support
Program—that reach young people in schools, on college campuses, and in the
workplace with tailored information designed to help them make healthy decisions
about their future. But prevention alone isn't enough.
Training health care professionals to intervene early before addiction develops.
Early detection and treatment of a substance use problem by a doctor, nurse, or
other health care professional is much more effective and less costly than dealing
with the consequences of addiction or criminal justice involvement later on.
Therefore, the Administration's plan works to expand programs that train health
care professionals to identify and treat problematic drug use before the condition
becomes chronic. By supporting programs like Screening, Brief Intervention, and
Referral to Treatment, we can promote healthy lifestyles, prevent addictive disorders
from taking hold, and reduce the number of people entering the criminal justice system.
For too many, however, drug use has progressed to the point of a disorder and
Expanding access to treatment. Today, about 22 million Americans need treatment
for a substance use disorder, and yet only 2 million—about 1-in-10—actually receive
the treatment they need. This is unacceptable. Research shows that addiction is a
disease from which people can recover. In fact, success rates for treating addictive
disorders are roughly on par with recovery rates for other chronic diseases such as
diabetes, asthma, and hypertension.
Recognizing this, the Obama Administration has taken unprecedented action to
expand access to treatment for millions of Americans. Through the Affordable Care Act,
insurance companies will be required to cover treatment for addiction just as they
would cover any other chronic disease. We estimate that with the Affordable Care Act,
62.5 million people will receive expanded substance abuse benefits by 2020, with 32.1
million gaining those benefits for the first time. To support this expansion, the
President's FY 2014 Budget includes an increase of $1.4 billion for treatment over the
FY 2012 amount, the largest such request for treatment funding in decades.
Taking a "smart on crime" approach to drug enforcement. Drugs and crime are often
linked, which is why addressing serious drug related crime and violence will always be
a vital component of our plan to protect public health and safety in America. But at the
end of the day, we cannot arrest our way out of the drug problem. The Obama
Administration has made clear we will not focus limited Federal drug enforcement
resources on individual drug users. Instead, our drug policy emphasizes the expansion
of innovative "smart on crime" strategies proven to help break the cycle of drug use,
crime, arrest, and incarceration.
Our plan calls for substantial reforms to the Nation's criminal justice system to lower
incarceration rates and reduce recidivism while protecting public safety: Reforms like
the expansion of specialized courts that divert non-violent drug offenders into treatment
instead of prison. Reforms like smart diversion programs that identify first time offenders
who have a substance use disorder and provide community health services instead of a
jail cell or arrest record. Reforms like reentry programs, which help guide former offenders
back into society, support their recovery from addiction, and help them avoid a return to
Giving a voice to Americans in recovery. Millions of Americans successfully make the
journey from addiction to recovery. Yet too often, these Americans face barriers to
maintaining their sobriety, including a lack of access to housing, employment, or even
getting a driver's license or student loan.
In support of the roughly 23 million Americans in recovery today, the President's plan
seeks to eliminate legislative and regulatory barriers facing Americans who have made
the successful journey from addiction to sobriety. As part of this effort, the Obama
Administration has, for the first time, established a Recovery Branch at the Office of
National Drug Control Policy to support Americans in recovery and help lift the stigma
is what a 21st century approach to drug policy looks like.
.
Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004
Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf
.
Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization (2010) - DEA
FROM The Drug Enforcement Administration
http://www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia-library/publications/speaking_out.pdf
Reducing Reoffending and Improving Rehabilitation
Around half of all crime is committed by people who have already been
through the criminal justice system. The cost to the taxpayer of reoffending
is estimated to be £9.5 to £13 billion per year.
Reoffending has been too high for too long, despite significant government
spending on offender management in the last decade. There has been little
change in reconviction rates and almost half of those released from prison
go on to reoffend within 12 months.
We need to reduce reoffending to reduce both the number of victims and
the costs to the taxpayer. To achieve this, we need a tough but intelligent
criminal justice system that punishes people properly when they break the
law, but also supports them so they don’t commit crime in the future.
using a ‘payment by results’ approach to develop and implement effective
ways of rehabilitating offenders and rewarding providers that devise and
deliver the most effective rehabilitation programmes
providing effective community-based punishments, such as the wider use
providing more meaningful and productive work and training for prisoners
preventing drug abuse inside prisons and providing drugs counselling after
release, or when serving a community sentence
engaging drug misusing offenders as early as possible in their contact with
the criminal justice system, from drug testing on arrest through to
using integrated offender management to better manage offenders by
getting partner agencies to work together
supporting offenders to resettle in their communities, to become more
on behalf of victims, establishing a clearer basis for restorative justice
We’ll also keep our communities safe by extending the offences that the
police can prosecute and speeding up justice"
.
Persons Arrested 2011 Source FBI
Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
http://workface.com/e/daviddillard
Net-Gold
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html
https://groups.io/org/groupsio/Net-Gold/archives
http://net-gold.3172864.n2.nabble.com/
General Internet & Print Resources
COUNTRIES
EMPLOYMENT
TOURISM
DISABILITIES
INDOOR GARDENING
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndoorGardeningUrban/info
Educator-Gold
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Educator-Gold/
K12ADMINLIFE
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/K12AdminLIFE/
The Russell Conwell Learning Center Research Guide:
THE COLLEGE LEARNING CENTER
Information Literacy
Research Guides
https://sites.google.com/site/researchguidesonsites/
Nina Dillard's Photographs on Net-Gold
and also at
http://www.flickr.com/photos/neemers/
Twitter: davidpdillard
Temple University Site Map
https://sites.google.com/site/templeunivsitemap/home
Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (eds),
Wellness and Tourism: Mind, Body, Spirit,
Place, New York: Cognizant Communication Books.
Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay
David P. Dillard
RailTram Discussion Group
From the Union Pacific to BritRail and Beyond
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/railtram/info
INDOOR GARDENING
Improve Your Chances for Indoor Gardening Success
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndoorGardeningUrban/info
SPORT-MED
https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html
HEALTH DIET FITNESS RECREATION SPORTS TOURISM
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/healthrecsport/info
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html
.
.
Please Ignore All Links to JIGLU
in search results for Net-Gold and related lists.
The Net-Gold relationship with JIGLU has
been terminated by JIGLU and these are dead links.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Net-Gold/message/30664
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/message/145
Temple University Listserv Alert :
Years 2009 and 2010 Eliminated from Archives
https://sites.google.com/site/templeuniversitylistservalert/
.
.