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Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/
La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice p¨¦nale
Volume 56, Number 2, February 2014
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/q04866746k67/
Antisocial Behaviour and the Automobile / Comportement antisocial et l'automobile
This issue contains:
Introduction
Rick Linden, Robert E. Mann
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013ESIN
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/h17n5058rr20j233/?p=16c6da64168d43efa0b7d64d7feb75a9&pi=0
Viewing Vehicular Violence through a Wide Angle Lens: Contributing Factors and a Proposed Framework
Linda J. Carroll, J. Peter Rothe
Although vehicular violence is prevalent in North America, it is difficult to document because it is typically recorded as a violent act, without reference to the use of a vehicle, or as an ¡°accident¡± or a traffic violation. It occurs anywhere in the motor vehicle transportation system when the vehicle is intentionally used as a weapon; as the supporting environment for violent acts; or as a platform for creating suffering, injury, or death. Vehicular violence can be directed outward, as, for example, in a carjacking or physical assault; or inward, as in deliberately crashing a vehicle in a suicide act. Common targets of vehicular violence include police officers and transportation workers like taxi drivers. Vehicles are also used as platforms for sexual assault or drive-by shootings. Social, psychological, and traffic-specific conditions contribute to vehicular violence; for example, competition for the roadway, stress, depression, anger, rage, vengefulness, and alcohol consumption. In the present article, a proposed framework for viewing vehicular violence is presented with three zones of immediacy ¨C the mediate (tangential use of the vehicle in the violent act), intermediate (where the vehicle is used to facilitate the violence), and immediate (where the vehicle is the actual weapon). These zones reflect a continuum that reflects the proximity of the vehicle to the aggressive intent. DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013ES01
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/t718j82746h7u1q8/?p=16c6da64168d43efa0b7d64d7feb75a9&pi=2
¡°Jockeys and Joyriders¡± Revisited: Young Offenders' Involvement in Motor Vehicle Thefts in the Province of Quebec
Pierre Tremblay, Nad¨¨ge Sauv¨ºtre
In this article we assess the spillover effect of occupationally embedded criminal markets on patterns of juvenile delinquency. We interviewed a respondent-driven sample of 34 juvenile car theft offenders in Montreal as well as a convenience sample of 13 incarcerated adolescents who also had been involved in car thefts. Subjects were asked to provide a portrait of their careers in car theft. Patterns of co-offending, criminal achievements, apprehension avoidance tactics, and occupational background of fathers are analysed. Joyriders (involved in temporary retention thefts) and jockeys (involved in theft-for-sale thefts) are compared across criminal career characteristics. DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013ES02
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/2201816368127372/?p=16c6da64168d43efa0b7d64d7feb75a9&pi=3
Factors Associated with High-Frequency Cannabis Use and Driving among a Multi-site Sample of University Students in Ontario
Benedikt Fischer, Andrew Ivsins, J¨¹rgen Rehm, Cheryl Webster, Katherine Rudzinski, Jenny Rodopoulos, Jayadeep Patra
Cannabis use and driving (CUD) is a growing public health concern. This study¡¯s main objective was to identify distinguishing characteristics associated with high-frequency CUD (HFCUD) activity (i.e., CUD ¡Û 12 times) in a multi-site sample of university students who had self-identified as having driven a car within 4 hours of cannabis use in the past year. Participants for the study (n = 248; age 18¨C28 years) were recruited by mass advertising at five universities in Ontario. Participants were screened for eligibility and assessed by an anonymous interview between April 2005 and March 2006. Bivariate analyses determined factors associated with HFCUD (i.e., ¡Û 12 times) vs. a low frequency of CUD (LFCUD); significant factors were subsequently entered into a discriminant function analysis model. HFCUD was associated with several variables, including frequent (i.e., at least weekly) cannabis use; daily driving; perception of own ability to drive not being impaired by cannabis use; and expectation of CUD in the next 12 months (all p < 0.0001). CUD among young drivers is an important health and safety risk requiring effective interventions. Given the strong association of HFCUD with frequent cannabis use, these phenomena need to be addressed conjointly. Furthermore, preventive interventions responsive to the specific socio-cultural contexts of possible CUD need to be developed and implemented. DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013ES03
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/348j6v06396p7201/?p=16c6da64168d43efa0b7d64d7feb75a9&pi=4
Impact of Ontario¡¯s Remedial Program for Drivers Convicted of Drinking and Driving on Substance Use and Problems
Gina Stoduto, Robert E. Mann, Rosely Flam-Zalcman, Justin Sharpley, Bruna Brands, Jennifer Butters, Reginald G. Smart, Christine M. Wickens, Gabriela Ilie, Rita K. Thomas
In 1998, Ontario passed legislation requiring that all drivers convicted of drinking and driving complete a remedial program, called Back on Track (BOT), before their driver¡¯s licences could be reinstated. Based on an assessment, clients are assigned to complete either an ¡°education¡± program or a ¡°treatment¡± program, depending on levels of substance-related problems. Several months following completion of their program, participants complete a follow-up interview. We report substance use and related outcome measures on 22,277 BOT participants who completed follow-up between 2000 and 2005. Completion of BOT was associated with significant reductions in the frequency of alcohol and other drug use, number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion, total numbers of substance users, and negative consequences resulting from substance use. A large number of participants became ¡°non-users¡± of various substances over the course of the program. These findings provide evidence that the remedial program has beneficial effects for participants in both the education and treatment components of BOT. DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013.ES04
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/b64p701u40v7841w/?p=4424f2a74ec847c7b875f3af16f818e8&pi=5
Cannabis Impaired Driving: An Evaluation of Current Modes of Detection
Akwasi Owusu-Bempah
Due to the growing concern with motorists driving under the influence of drugs, the Canadian government has recently implemented legislation to tackle this issue. The new legislation compels drivers to submit to a series of tests, by a police officer, if/when a motorist is suspected of drug impairment. The aim of this paper is to present a review of scientific studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of three methods to detect cannabis use in motorists. These methods include the Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) Program, on-site oral fluid screening devices, and on-site urine screening devices. Only studies that included appropriate measures of reliability (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) were included in this review. Given their increasing reliability, on-site oral fluid devices appear to show the most promise for the detection of cannabis use in motorists. Despite the promising results, however, there is still a need to establish standard levels of impairment for cannabis, like the blood alcohol content (BAC) cut-off levels for alcohol, before these devices can be meaningfully utilized and implemented. DOI: 10.3138/CJCCJ.2013.ES05
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/a5p375p12r977767/?p=4424f2a74ec847c7b875f3af16f818e8&pi=6
Why Steal Cars? A Study of Young Offenders Involved in Auto Theft1
Jeff Anderson, Rick Linden
Interviews were conducted with 43 Winnipeg youth with records for auto theft. The youths¡¯ backgrounds were similar to those of other serious delinquents¡ªmany came from single parent families, most were not doing well in school or in employment, and most associated with gangs or other delinquent peers. Most of the respondents were involved in joyriding rather than in selling stolen vehicles. One of the strongest motivating factors reported by the youth was the excitement or ¡°adrenalin rush¡± associated with auto theft. This motivation is discussed in the context of Katz¡¯s work on the attractions of crime and Lyng¡¯s discussion of crime as edgework. DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.2013ES06
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/u886kv922nh86t6t/?p=4424f2a74ec847c7b875f3af16f818e8&pi=7
CJCCJ Online
The Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice publishes quarterly coverage of the theoretical and scientific aspects of the study of crime and the practical problems of law enforcement, administration of justice and the treatment of offenders, particularly in the Canadian context. Since 1958, this peer-reviewed journal has provided a forum for original contributions and discussions in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The CJCCJ emphasizes original scientific research. Recent issues have explored topics such as the Youth Criminal Justice Act, wrongful convictions, criminology research in Canada, and punishment and restorative justice. The Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice appeals to anyone needing to keep abreast of recent criminological findings and opinions: justice administrators, researchers and practitioners and academics.
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice Online is a fully searchable electronic resource and includes a comprehensive archive of regular and special themed issues - including over 500 articles and reviews.
Special issues - now available/coming soon to CJCCJ Online
Antisocial Behaviour and the Automobile (CJCCJ 56:2, 2014)
A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony N. Doob (CJCCJ 55:4, 2013)
Articles Commemorating the Work of Jean-Paul Brodeur (CJCCJ 53:3)
Symposium on Racial Profiling and Police Culture (CJCCJ 53:1)
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice is also available online at Project MUSE - http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/canadian_journal_of_criminology_and_criminal_justice/
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
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posted by T Hawkins, UTP Journals