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Dear Pam, thanks so much, and also for the Bates. Now to slowly go back in time to see when they started up--and which topographies might make protection the most crucial. Hope you are thriving. Best, Salima Salima Ikram Egyptology Unit Head Professor of Egyptology American University in Cairo P. O. Box 74, Road 90, Tagammu 5 New Cairo 11825, EGYPT [log in to unmask] Fax: +20-2-2797-4903 On 13 Nov 2013, at 16:20, [log in to unmask] wrote: > > FOWLER, H. N.; 1906; Archaeological News; American Journal of Archaeology; 10(3): 331-376; http://www.jstor.org/stable/496987. > 355-6- ALISE SAINTE REINE. - Excavations on Mont Auxois. - France great numbers of nails, Gallic and Roman coins, utensils, fragments of sculpture, and many fragments of pottery, extending from the La Teine period to late Roman times, were found. The place was burnt, apparently about the fifth century after Christ, but afterward rebuilt. Excavations were recommenced in 1906, and a sort of forge came to light, in the debris of which were various utensils and a number of horseshoes, which is an item. of interest in view of the uncertainty which has prevailed hitherto whether the Gauls and Romans shod their horses or not. Among other discoveries were various coins, a statuette of Mercury, and a medallion of Silenus. The site seems to have been precipitately abandoned at the end of the fourth century, apparently by reason of a barbarian invasion. (Chron. d. Arts, May 19, 1906, p. 158; C. R. Acad. Insc. 1906, pp. 201-203; fig.) > > BATES, W. N.; 1913; Archaeological News; American Journal of Archaeology; 17(1): 95-147; Bates1913ArchaeoNewsHorse.pdf; http://www.jstor.org/stable/497381. > 119- AGUILAR DE ANGUITA. - The Excavations of the Marquis of Cerralbo.--Spain > At Aguilar de Anguita (Guadalajara) he has opened about 2200 graves, and at Luzaga, 6 km. to the southeast, 1813 more, and in addition 30() other graves at Arcobriga. The bodies in all of these had been burned and the ashes deposited in urns. In the women's graves were bracelets, etc., and in the men's graves weapons. They were chiefly of iron, consisting of daggers and lances; but bronze disks, adorned with simple geometric designs and fastened together by means of bands, were used to protect the chest and back. A curious iron object resembling a collar was perhaps used to support a woman's headdress. Many pieces of harness were found, and nine iron horseshoes. Another iron horseshoe has recently been found on a Hallstatt site near Nancy. The graves probably date from the fourth century B.C. and later. The weapons show Greek influence, but no imported objects were found. > >