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Ebooks! Ebooks! Read all about it!

We recently launched our first ebooks! These are collections of Plus articles on particular themes that have intrigued, challenged and entertained our readers. You can download these for free from the Plus website in formats that work on most e-readers. The first two ebooks explore parallel universes and the maths of altruism.


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Latest news

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The maths sense
You don't need to count to see that five apples are more than three oranges: you can tell just by looking. That's because you were born with a sense for number. But is that sense related to the mathematical abilities you develop later on?

Cyber experiments: The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
If chemistry makes you think of white lab coats and green liquids then think again. This year's Nobel prize goes to three researchers who "took chemical experiment into cyberspace".

Breaking news: The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics
The 2013 Nobel prize in physics goes to Peter Higgs and François Englert for proposing the mechanism that gives things mass.

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Latest articles

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3D printing mathematics
Saul Schleimer and Henry Segerman show off some of their beautiful 3D printed mathematical structures.

The life and numbers of Fibonacci                   The Fibonacci sequence is one of the most famous pieces of mathematics. Find out how these numebrs appear in multiplying rabbits and bees, in the turn of sunflower seeds and sea shells, and how it all stems from a simple example in one of the most important books in Western mathematics.
 

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Latest podcast

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Mathematical theatre with X&Y
Mathematics and theatre are both imagined things that need to be consistent. So what better way to explore mathematical ideas than through theatre? We talk to Marcus du Sautoy, Victoria Gould and Dermot Keany about their new show, X&Y. Listen to our interview and read our review.

                                                      

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Browse with Plus: Better explained

Sometimes maths textbooks feel like they've been written the wrong way around: they plug definitions and theorems out of thin air, giving you no inkling of how people got to them in the first place. There's a reason for that, but sometimes a bit of intuition wouldn't go amiss. On his website Better Explained Kalid Azad provides just that, sharing explanations that have helped him to understand difficult concepts. There are nice articles covering many topics, from limits to Bayes' theorem. Have a look!

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Maths in a minute: Triangle central

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How do you balance a cardboard cut-out of a triangle on a pencil? Trial and error is one way, but maths can save you lots of bending down and picking it up. Take the pencil and a ruler and connect the mid-point of each side to the opposite corner. You'll find that the three lines intersect in a single point, which lies exactly a third of the way from the midpoint of each side to the opposite vertex. That point, called the centroid, is the centre of mass of the triangle. If the triangle is made from uniform material, so it's not more lumpy in some places than in others, then the centroid is the unique point on which you can balance it without it tipping over. Amazingly, the centroid would also be the centre of mass of the triangle if its mass was concentrated only at its corners, and evenly divided between them.

Instead of drawing a line from the mid-point of a given side to the opposite corner, you could also draw the line which passes through the mid-point but forms a right angle with the side the mid-point is on. If you do this for each side you again get three lines, and again these meet at a single point, called the circumcenter of the triangle. If you now draw a circle with the circumcentre as its center passing through one of the triangle's corners, you will find that the other two corners of the triangle lie on the circle too! The circumcentre of the triangle is also the centre of the unique circle that contains the three corners of the triangle. But it doesn't need to lie inside the triangle — in fact, it only does if all the triangle's angles are less than 90 degrees (so the triangle is acute). If one angle is greater than 90 degrees (the triangle is obtuse) then the circumcenter lies outside the triangle, and if one angle is exactly equal to 90 degrees then it is the mid-point of the hypothenuse.

But there's another point that qualifies as a centre of a triangle. You find it by drawing a line  from each corner that is perpendicular to the opposite side. Amazingly, the three lines again meet in a single point, called the orthocentre. As for the circumcentre, the orthocentre lies inside the triangle if the triangle is acute and outside it if it is obtuse. If one of the angles is exactly equal to 90 degrees then the orthocenter will be one of the corners.

And what links all these points together? A straight line! The beautiful fact that the centroid, circumcentre and orthocentre of a triangle all lie on a straight line was first noticed in the 18th century by Leonhard Euler, one of the most prolific mathematicians of all time. That line now carries his name: it's called the Euler line of a triangle. You can play around with the three different centres and the Euler line on Math Open Reference which has beautiful interactive demonstrations.





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