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Hi Klaus, You wrote 'To me professional design is fundamentally for the benefit of others who have their own conception what an improvement consists of, and must acknowledge that other communities may be harmed. in this sense, professional designers cannot avoid the cultural and economic politics their activity creates. engineers, for whom simon wrote primarily, may be able to isolate themselves from the consequences of their solutions to predefined problems, my conception of professional designers includes care for and accountability to those they affect. it requires a skill set that is different from engineering' I suggest, the reality is somewhat different. The professional requirements on engineering designers are as far as I can tell leading other designers in the concern for social, environmental and ethical consequences. The obligation on engineering designers is to not only address the social, ethical and environmental consequences of design, but to put them ahead of technical and economic issues, and th is more deeply and formally embedded in the work of engineering designers than most other areas of design. Engineering designers operate under much stricter professional requirements relating to the effects on others embodied in the conditions of their professional membership concerning all aspects of their behaviour, design output, advice to others, management and personal life. This to the extent that, embodied in the professional codes is that, if necessary, whistleblowing on social, environmental and ethical issues, is obligatory. Lack of fulfilment of these requirements for placing social, environmental and ethical factors ahead of technical and economic factors results in penalties and loss of registration. Examples of one such code is from the IMechE at http://www.imeche.org/docs/default-source/membership/CodeofConductAugust2009 .pdf?sfvrsn=0 other similar codes are found in most engineering professional registration bodies across the world. Best wishes, Terry -- Dr Terence Love PhD (UWA), B.A. (Hons) Engin, PGCE. FDRS, AMIMechE, PMACM, MISI Honorary Fellow IEED, Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Director, Love Services Pty Ltd PO Box 226, Quinns Rocks Western Australia 6030 Tel: +61 (0)4 3497 5848 Fax:+61 (0)8 9305 7629 [log in to unmask] -- ----------------------------------------------------------------- PhD-Design mailing list <[log in to unmask]> Discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design Subscribe or Unsubscribe at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/phd-design -----------------------------------------------------------------