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Dear Terry, many thanks for the reference - I am up to my neck in paper right now - so it may take me a while to get to it. I like such flips - this happens with Subject and Object even to this day. cheers keith >>> Terence Love <[log in to unmask]> 11/20/12 3:21 PM >>> Hi Ken and Keith, There appears a slight and potentially useful external link between gnomon and normal, or, rather, geometry and theory development. An interesting paper on how developments of ancient geometers led to our use the terms 'analysis' and 'synthesis' in almost exactly the opposite way they originated is found in Koskela, LJ and Kagioglou, M 2007, 'The Proto-theory of Design: the method of analysis of the ancient geometers' , Journal for Theory and Application in Mechanical Engineering, 49 (1) , pp. 45-52. Warm regards, Terry -----Original Message----- From: PhD-Design - This list is for discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Ken Friedman I'll respond a bit later to the substantive portion of your post - I think it adds value to the thread. The etymological notes are problematic. The etymology of the word "normal" is not related to the etymology of the words "gnomon" or "know." The Latin word "normalis" refers to measures and right angles. The Greek word gnomon has to do with the carpenter's square. The Greek word gnomon and the Latin word normalis both refer to the same kind of object, the square measure. In contrast, they are not linked in etymology, and the Latin word normalis is not linked to the word "know." ----------------------------------------------------------------- PhD-Design mailing list <[log in to unmask]> Discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design Subscribe or Unsubscribe at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/phd-design ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- PhD-Design mailing list <[log in to unmask]> Discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design Subscribe or Unsubscribe at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/phd-design -----------------------------------------------------------------