 |
 |
*t r i** **c o u n t r y** **2 0 1 2 celebrating our world at the 11th hour* * the totally revised but still impartially coded official united nations tripoint registry yearbook 4th edition * * * including many new photos & with notable recent developments & findings highlighted in yellow part 1 the 178 official united nations trijunctions of sovereign state territory on land & sea with 2 possible alternates added in red all fully agreed & formally marked de jure tripoints of the sovereign territory & boundaries of united nations member states unless otherwise indicated economic zonal trijunctions pursuant to unclos being already formally registered within various organs of the united nations & thus not included herein country digraphs for designating sovereign territorial trijunctions & bounds of member states are per official decoding table http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-<http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-3166-1_decoding_table> 316 <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-3166-1_decoding_table>6-1_decoding_table<http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-3166-1_decoding_table> & are arranged alphabetically with directional suffixes e&w or n&s added as needed to distinguish 10 pairs of twin trijunctions a single table to correctly decode & or encipher plain english country names http://www.theodora.com/country_digraphs.html andorra france spain east 001 adesfre marked by original 1868 esfr pillar 427 at portella blanca in roughly n42d30m10s e1d43m33s wgs84 while perhaps not strictly a tricountry point til 1993 andorran constitution & unga admission nevertheless a condominial or march trijunction almost continuously since 1278 topo & other data http://www.grenspalen.nl/archief/andorra-tripoint-east- 2004.html video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJroMAZKcWE photo http://www.porta.fr/porta.asp?idpage=15148 [image: Andorra Map] andorra france spain west 002 adesfrw summit of pic de medacorba elev2914m in roughly n42d36m13s e1d26m30s wgs84 marked only informally by cairn & iron post while perhaps not strictly a tricountry point til 1993 andorran constitution & unga admission nevertheless a condominial or march trijunction almost continuously since 1278 & tho a twin of the adesfre tripoint listed above yet fixed only by tradition & an exceedingly loose reading of the 1862 esfr treaty text that actually appoints the boundary convergence to the nearby but quite distinct pic de baiau topo & other data http://www.grenspalen.nl/archief/andorra-tripoint-west-2004.html photo http://www.pirineos3000.com/servlet/DescripcionAscension/MONTANA--Pic_de_Medacorba--IDASCENSION--2542.html qatar with saudi arabia & united arab emirates 003 aeqasa hypothetical equidistant point in persian gulf notional since independence of qatar & the trucial states in 1971 tho positionally elusive at very roughly n24d40 e51d35m based on de facto aesa land border disputed by emirates but purportedly consistent with secret unratified 1974 aesa accord the above approx location per green arrowhead on zoomable photo map http://tinyurl.com/2er2uq2 topo http://www.athagafy.com/maps/Ras_Abu_Qamis.jpg photo of trijunction area near center horizon viewed from qatar http://www.panoramio.com/photo/4423025 with emirati makasib island at right horizon while the intervening waters are largely saudi [image: Inland Sea] oman with saudi arabia & united arab emirates 004 aeomsa tripoint position at umm az zamul wells in roughly n22d42m30s e55d12m30s wgs84 per 1990 omsa & later aeom agreements is believed not yet formally marked because emirates have still not ratified 1974 aesa accord that otherwise effectively produced tripoint from original gbomsa triple frontier of separation of 1920s historical maps suggesting multiple frontier is inherent to empty quarter http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/arabia.htm & http://rumsey.geogarage.com/maps/g0890086.html etc zoomable satpic showing peculiar geometric construction surrounding presumptive tripoint position http://tinyurl.com/<http://tinyurl.com/ylxv2tz> ylxv2tz <http://tinyurl.com/ylxv2tz> afghanistan china pakistan 005 afcnpk tricountry conjunction since independence of afghanistan in 1919 initially as afcngb placed by conflicting instruments at an uncertain pamir summit of elev5630m in roughly 37n3 74e36 or 74e34 & further complicated by the existence of unpublished if not also inadequate official maps of all 3 convergent delimitations but situated in any case about 10km southwest of kilik pass the trijunction has existed loosely & not without objection since the durand afgb treaty of 1893 with positional clarification of 1896 but was not established trilaterally until the cnpk & afcn treaties of the early 1960s & remains tentative up to the present subject to the settlement of the inpk dispute over jammu & kashmir & moreover is believed to be undemarcated by any means anywhere downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j43-102.html places tripoint shown at lower left not on any summit but rather judiciously at a ridge trijunction of approx elev 5560m in a location that differs by a minute or two from those indicated by the afcn & cnpk agreements & cited by the ibs in http://www.law.fsu.edu/<http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS089.pdf> library/collection/<http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS089.pdf> LimitsinSeas/IBS089.pdf<http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS089.pdf> & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf but which evidently reflects lines of actual control ibs 85 89 afghanistan china tajikistan 006 afcntj tricountry conjunction winnowed in mid1890s from cngbru triple frontier of separation & devolved to afcnru in 1919 & afcnsu in 1922 & present political format in 1991 probably reconcilable at unmarked ridge trijunction in elev5523m near summit of mt povalo shveykovskiy aka kokrash kol tho the treaties appear to stipulate the exact summit & impossible elevations of up to 5698m & to miss the fact that the summit point in actual elev5543m is isolated from the ridges all the delimitations follow downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j43-102.html in larger scale than the mutually conflicting maps attached to the 1963 afcn treaty shows the above described probable tripoint position at upper right in roughly 37n14 74e53 & while the following boundary studies address some of the above anomalies http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS089.pdf & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS026.pdf & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS064.pdf there exists in addition an unpublished 2002 cntj accord that may have produced a 2008 demarcation tripoint peak appears near center of photo which faces up tegermensu river toward the adjacent tegermensu pass http://www.panoramio.com/photo/21098176 ibs 26 64 89 [image: river Tegermensu (summer1989) фото в сторону Афганистана] afghanistan iran pakistan 007 afirpk tricountry point since independence of afghanistan in 1919 as afgbir til reaching present format in 1947 on independence of pakistan succeeding binational administrative trijunction that had been notional since 1872 goldsmid award re afir & likely still marked today only by the original 1896 gb2afin pillar cairn number 186 on kuh e malek siah summit at elev1645m in roughly n29d51m39s e60d52m40s wgs84 of the historic durand line per 1893 afgb treaty later disavowed by afghanistan & afterwards confirmed by 1935 gbir arbitral award re the eventual irpk downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--h41-074-2.html neighborhood photo with tripoint summit on near skyline just right of center http://www.panoramio.com/photo/47208049#comment durand commission photo http://tinyurl.com/yhow93s ibs 6 167 [image: zahedan-zabol road] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/47208049.jpg> [image: sr] afghanistan iran turkmenistan 008 afirtm tricountry conjunction ex novo in 1885 as gbirru until becoming afirru in 1919 & afirsu in 1922 on way to present form in 1991 situated about 2km north of zulfikar pass on thalweg in dry former bed of the hari rud following an unknown avulsion & while it is difficult to positively identify the historically correct channel from among several close possibilities still in alignment with remote pair of 1948 afsu reference markers numbered 1 evidently maintaining original location fixed & demarcated by 1885 gbru commission then creating the eventual aftm & reaffirmed by the 1888 maclean award concerning the eventual afir & closed by an 1893 russo persian accord regarding eventual irtm downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--i41-015-2.html indicates position confirmed to be in roughly n35d36m18s e61d17m31s wgs84 per aerial photo eye witness account of original demarcation 1885 http://books.google.com/books?id=_0RB29swKaAC&pg=PA56&dq=%22zulfikar+pass%22&hl=en&ei=pkQrTeeGHIyr8Aaq48G0AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22zulfikar%20pass%22&f=false view of trijunction area from foot of zulfikar pass http://www.prints-4-u.com/store/images/AAA0886/AAA0886048.jpg ibs 6 25 26 afghanistan tajikistan uzbekistan 009 aftjuz tricountry conjunction since fall of soviet union in 1991 succeeding binational tristate convergence created in 1924 on amu darya at indefiniteterminus of original tajik & uzbek interrepublican boundary linked to thalweg however variable per 1946 afsu delimitation pursuant to original 1873 gbru accord located today in very roughly n37d11m5s e67d47m15s judging from recent aerial photography still in alignment with 1948 afsu riparian reference markers numbered 107 over 1 per soviet topo downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--j42-100-2.html zoomable photo map showing apparent location http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=37.184722222%2C%2067.7875&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl ibs 26 afghanistan turkmenistan uzbekistan 010 aftmuz tricountry conjunction since end of soviet union in 1991 succeeding binational tristate convergence created in 1924 on amu darya at indefinite terminus of original turkmen & uzbek interrepublican boundary linked to thalweg however variable per 1946 afsu delimitation pursuant to original 1873 gbru accord with exact present location depending on which of two conflicting soviet topos is correct but in either case still within the river bed & apparently in alignment with remote 1948 afsu reference marker pair numbered 91 over 2 downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j42-086.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--j42-086-3.html show slightly different trijunction locations but as the latter is of later date its version could be definitive in roughly n37d20m50s e66d33m13s wgs84 per recent aerial photography ibs 26 albania greece macedonia 011 algrmk tricountry point notional since secret 1912 grrs delimitation & albanian independence declaration tho not clearly described until 1913 london conference & not effective until greek withdrawal from albania in 1923 nor fully agreed & ratified until 1926 nor in present format until macedonian independence in 1991 situated in lake prespa about 1300m ssw of golem island & marked by westernmost of 12 new grmk buoys which may also align with series of older algr & alyu buoys photo http://picasaweb.google.com/timothyborderlines/AlbaniaGreece?authkey=Gv1sRgCIOd_KqLloaXlQE&feat=flashslideshow#5553799667713084466 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/albania/50k/11-34-114-2.jpg shows position in roughly 40n51 20e59 ibs 79 113 116 albania montenegro serbia *kosovo* 012 almers tricountry point since disunion of serbia & montenegro in 2006 succeeding binational administrative tripoint established by creation of autonomous kosovo within yugoslavia in 1945 from portions of earlier serbia & montenegro most likely coincident with 1925 alyu pillar b28 over v at the easterly of the twin summits of tromedja peak elev2366m in roughly n42d33m19s e20d4m45s wgs84 *now in detached kosovo* topo showing both of the twin summits & possible markers http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Bogicevica.jpg zoomable official serbian topo appears to confirm easterly summit http://www.geosrbija.rs/rga/default.aspx?gui=1&lang=1 photo of the more probable marker http://good-times.webshots.com/photo/2102156330062955329iVBeQU neighborhood photo http://www.summitpost.org/bogi-263-evica/391693/c-354583 ibs 116 [image: Bogićevica] albania macedonia serbia* kosovo* 013 almkrs tricountry point since macedonian independence from yugoslavia in 1991 as almkyu til reaching present format upon the disunion of serbia & montenegro in 2006 succeeding binational tristate point established by creation of macedonian republic within yugoslavia in 1945 situated at mt s erupa aka ksula e priftit summit elev2092m in roughly n41d52m37s e20d35m37s wgs84 where it was remonumented trilaterally in 2008 by agreement with kosovo as distinct from serbia report & photos http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/2087/56 & http://arkivi.peshkupauje.com/vendoset-guri-i-pare-i-kufirit-shqiperi-kosove/2008/07/02/ topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/albania/50k/11-34-78-1.jpg showing tripoint at or near former alyu marker d24 ibs 116 [image: img.jpeg] algeria dz * * * * armenia azerbaijan georgia 014 amazge indefinite tricountry point based only on map evidence since independence of armenia in 1991 albeit first as amgesu til independence of azerbaijan later that year succeeding tristate conjunction created by dissolution of transcaucasian sfsr into its 3 component republics in 1936 which appears to have inherited the trijunction of the transcaucasian federation of 1917 if not its exact location likely still unmarked at soviet position on ridge line near saddle just southwest of mount babakyar or papakar in roughly 41n18 45e1 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-103-1.html armenia azerbaijan iran east 015 amazire tricountry point since independence of armenia in 1991 first as amirsue til independence of azerbaijan later that year succeeding binational tristate point created by 1924 soviet reorganization pursuant to 1921 treaty of kars & elevated by breakup of transcaucasian sfsr in 1936 situated in karabagh held territory on thalweg of aras river per 1826 irru accord at foot of meghri ridge where it is remotely monumented by a pair of 1957 irsu markers numbered 35 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-046.jpg shows position confirmed by recent aerial photo to be in roughly n38d52m3s e46d32m4s wgs84 notably if karabagh occupation is considered to be armenian occupation then the amazire trijunction falls rather at the location of the *azirnk *trijunction listed below in part 2 ibs 25 armenia azerbaijan iran west 016 amazirw tricountry point since independence of armenia in 1991 first briefly as amirsuw til independence of azerbaijan succeeding binational tristate point created in 1921 by multilateral agreement & promoted in 1936 by dissolution of transcaucasian sfsr situated on thalweg of aras river per 1826 irru accord at foot of zangezur ridge in roughly n38d50m34s e46d8m36s wgs84 where it appears not to have been demarcated by 1957 irsu commission topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-045.jpg photo taken from armenia with trijunction centered at base of ridge descending on right but hidden by river bend http://www.panoramio.com/photo/50665999 <http://www.virtualarmenia.am/syunik/agarak/ag23.jpg>ibs 25 [image: مرز ایران و ارمنستان] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/50665999.jpg> armenia azerbaijan turkey 017 amaztr tricountry point since independence of armenia in 1991 first briefly as amsutr til independence of azerbaijan succeeding binational tristate point created by multilateral kars agreement in 1921 expressly on thalweg of aras river & promoted in 1936 by breakup of transcaucasian sfsr situated in roughly 39n43 44e45 where it appears to be demarcated remotely by a pair of 1926 sutr markers numbered 4 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg> e <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg> du:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg> 0 <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg>06.jpg<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg> ibs 29 <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-006.jpg> armenia georgia turkey 018 amgetr tricountry point since independence of georgia in 1991 tho briefly as gesutr til independence of armenia succeeding binational tristate point created in 1924 by soviet implementation of multilateral kars treaty agreed in 1921 & promoted by breakup of transcaucasian sfsr in 1936 when already affixed to 1926 sutr marker 148 on secondary summit of mount erakatar at elev 2980m in roughly 41n7 43e29 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-099-4.html neighborhood if not actual photo at right http://www.apaga-tour.com/Climbing_the_Azhdahak.html ibs 29 angola cabinda with congo democratic kinshasa & congo brazzaville 019 aocdcg notional tricountry conjunction as befrpt or the 3 congos as early as 1884 refined by 1885 bept & 1886 frpt accords tho not actually defined as a tripoint until supplementary frpt agreement of 1901 to which frpt pillar j stands as witness on ridge line half a mile to the southwest & before repeated renewal between 1960 & 1975 upon independence of each party fixed on thalweg of chiloango river in roughly s4d38m12s e13d5m50s25 wgs84 at its confluence with the bidihimba per ibs following ign mapping but strictly at the point where the chiloango crosses a gap in the ridge delimiting aocg which happens to coincide with the confluence topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1419295775/item/991053506/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & http://tinyurl.com/yd2c7ye <http://tinyurl.com/yd2c7ye>additional details http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS127.pdf 1884 map showing notional trijunction of spheres of interest already nearly in present configuration http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/images/belgian_congo/1884_belgian_congo.jpg ibs 105 127 144 angola with congo democratic & zambia 020 aocdzm triple frontier dating from perhaps 1878 originally as begbpt centered on intersection of 24th meridian & congo zambezi watershed divide described by 1885 berlin & 1894 begb accords & distilled to notional tricountry point by 1905 gbpt arbitral award yet not finally fixed or demarcated until 1914 per joint begb & gbpt commissions in roughly s10d53m18s e24d0m3s wgs84 at elev1266m where it is likely still marked by original begb pillar 46 possibly as renovated in 1931 together with 1915 gbpt pillar 1 & 1915 bept pillar 1 tho reconstituted repeatedly between 1960 & 1975 by independence of all parties topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1471883303/item/1168042689/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1471883303/item/302474861/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc ibs 119 144 angola namibia zambia 021 aonazm triple frontier as degbpt of late 1880s projected some 200 miles eastward by degb accord of 1890 which inserted caprivi strip & 1891 gbpt agreement fixing original *triune point* near katima mulilo on zambezi river tho it was displaced again by 1905 gbpt arbitral award some 50 miles westward to kwando river & following reduction to binational administrative trijunction by military occupation of 1915 & restoration of tricountry status as gbptza by south african independence in 1931 first demarcated provisionally by 1931 gbza beacon 9 along tree line on eastern edge of flood plain in roughly s17d38m16s e23d26m3s wgs84 until positional dispute was finally resolved by 1954 gbpt accord & emplacement of 1964 gbpt beacon variously designated m37 or 32 or c1 at previously marked location before devolving again repeatedly between 1964 & 1990 upon independence of each party topos http://tinyurl.com/ycc92zk & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/794061439/item/1775048523/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc beacon possibly visible in aerial photos may still consist of original iron auger driven into ground with concrete slab & block pillar 46cm tall as augmented by later markers ibs 119 120 123 argentina bolivia chile 022 arbocl tricountry frontier upon independence of parties since perhaps 1810 inheriting indefinite 1776 or earlier colonial administrative trijunction of chile with potosi & tucuman in high sierras around lat23s attached to cerro zapaleri by terms of 1884 truce of war of pacific & first actually agreed there by ar&bo in 1889 before confirmation by bo&cl in 1895 & finally marked reportedly at the southern summit & in elev5648m at s22d48m51s w67d10m51s datum unspecified per chilean source by 1906 bocl pillar 85 which evidently corresponds to an iron post numbered 1 per bolivian source best known tries & closest photos http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fviajeros.freeservers.com%2F2007-08%2Fh8_vilama3.htm&sl=es&tl=en&history_state0= & http://www.flickr.com/photos/25787603@N06/2422256614/in/photostream photo http://georyan.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/cerro-zapaleri-hito-tripartito-entre-chile-bolivia-y-argentina/ downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--xf19-29--%281980%29.html ibs 67 101 162 argentina bolivia paraguay 023 arbopy sharply contested & highly variable tricountry frontier since independence of parties in early 19th century suspended by union of argentina & paraguay between 1811 & 1856 & situated hypothetically at various locations on thalweg of rio pilcomayo since 1876 arpy accord but not finally fixed until 1938 bopy arbitral award & chaco peace treaty at roughly 22s14 & nominally w62d37m19s where it is in alignment with 1939 bopy pillars ii & i of which the latter is aka hito esmeralda & likewise as demarcated on 1940 arbo survey map & as reiterated in 1941 arbo protocol downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xf20-4.html photos of tripoint location in river http://www.todosporelchaco.es.tl/Una-ventana-al-chaco-salte%F1o-.-SANTA-VICTORIA-ESTE.htm & of the lower part of the esmeralda witness marker http://tinyurl.com/23dau3x ibs 162 165 argentina brazil paraguay 024 arbrpy at confluence of iguacu & parana in roughly 25s36 54w36 where it is witnessed from opposing bluffs by 3 mismatched obeliskoid monuments this irrational trijunction which has appeared on maps since the 1840s & has enjoyed undisputed tricountry status despite locational uncertainty since paraguayan independence from argentina in 1856 might have been situated hypothetically where the iguacu thalweg carrying arbr since 1898 meets the parana median line insofar as arpy has followed the lower parana median since 1876 & brpy has followed the upper parana indiscriminately since 1872 yet the iguacu thalweg does not appear to reach the parana median in actual fact & thus the point upon the latter opposite the center of the iguacu mouth may be expected to emerge as tripoint by default or adjustment downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xg21-2.html photo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/HITO_de_las_tres_fronteras_ARGENTINA.JPG ibs 168 argentina brazil uruguay 025 arbruy tricountry frontier since uruguayan independence in 1830 reduced to notional tripoint by 1851 on thalweg of rio uruguay at confluence of rio cuareim in roughly 30s12 57w39 opposite foot of brazilian held ilha brasileira as confirmed by 1927 arbr & 1961 aruy accords tho island is also claimed by uruguay leaving tripoint situation in dispute notwithstanding 1851 bruy agreement allocating all islands in mouth of cuareim to brazil photo of unilateral 1862 br witness monument number 13p http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1066737 brazilian sketch maps http://www.info.lncc.br/umap3e.html & http://www.info.lncc.br/uilhabe.html southernmost tricountry conjunction in the world ibs 68 168 170 [image: Marco da ilha] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/1066737.jpg> austria germany switzerland 026 atchde unresolved triple frontier since bavarian cession of vorarlberg to austria in 1814 reaching present political format upon establishment of german confederation in 1871 centered on hypothetical equidistant point in lake constance at roughly 47n32 9e34 rejected by austria which claims a condominium over most of lake locator map with green arrowhead indicator http://tinyurl.com/yaxt7x<http://tinyurl.com/yaxt7x3> *3* hypothetical tripoint area as viewed from near mouth of upper rhine or about 3km due south http://www.panoramio.com/photo/44848300#comment & closer but from the north respectively http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/38124215.jpg [image: Kleine Insel im Rheinholz.] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/44848300.jpg> [image: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/38124215.jpg] austria italy switzerland 027 atchit tricountry point displaced in 1919 some 50km northward from original 16th century position at stelvio pass by cession of south tirol from austria to italy now on shoulder of piz lad at elev2181m in roughly 46n51 10e28 about 1km north of summit where it has a masonry marker set in bedrock & dated 1920 tho 1924 atit & 1927 chit demarcations are also known close up photo http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersAChI.htm downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--l32-045-2.html point click zoom http://www.geoland.at/viewer/(johdxi45fsu0oofx0tpkgrv5)/viewer.aspx for this & all following austrian tripoints ibs 12 58 austria liechtenstein switzerland north 028 atchlin tricountry point since collapse of german confederation in 1866 & tristate point since 1434 if not earlier the trijunction is described by atch & chli agreements as the intersection point of the mittelgerinnes viz midline of the main sluiceway of the artificially channelized alpenrhein river with the sight line projected by 1955 atli markers 135 & 136 & is situated at roughly n47d16m13s3t e9d31m50s2t wgs84 per aerial photo downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--l32-032-1.html or zoomable http:[log in to unmask];903260 photo http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersALSn.htm it is noteworthy that the sluiceway & especially its central trough have filled with so much silt in recent years that the fixed tripoint position at midchannel is sometimes high & dry beside the stream if not isolated from both banks austria liechtenstein switzerland south 029 atchlis a tricountry point since 1866 & tristate point since 1434 at naafkopf viz bowl head summit where a nameless spur joins the alpstein ridge of the raetikon range of the rhaetian alps in elev 2570m & n47d03m38s77h e9d36m25s93h wgs84 per aerial photo surmounted for many years by a monumental wooden cross that has lately been reduced in height & climbing difficulty tho it appears to be crowned by a lightning rod that may actually further elevate the trifinial point downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--l32-032-3.html or zoomable http:[log in to unmask];903232 photo of 2010 renovation in progress affording rare glimpse at actual tripoint http://groups.yaho<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/493229681/item/2086795072/view> o.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/493229681/ item/2086795072/view<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/493229681/item/2086795072/view> & of newly resurrected monument http://www.rocksports.de/forum/showthread.php?tid=488 & its predecessor http://www.alpine-wandergruppe.de/naafkopf.htm [image: TpAtChLiS-2_1] austria czech republic germany 030 atczde historic tricountry conjunction revived by dismemberment of austria hungary in 1919 inheriting medieval triple frontier of austria with bavaria & bohemia at a location that has been demarcated since 1765 on the southeastern flank of the dreisesselberg or massif of 3 kingdoms in a saddle of the boehmerwald or sumava ridge near plechy aka ploeckenstein summit at an elevation of 1321m in n48d46m17s80h e13d50m22s41h wgs84 where it was remonumented most recently in 1993 following the breakup of czechoslovakia photos of present http://www.nicolette.dk/borderbase/tripoint.php?c1=8&c2=36&c3=55&orientation= & previous markers http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/sonnl.php & http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=cs&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stara-sumava.cz%2Ftrojmezensko%2Ftrojmezi%2Ftrojmezigal.htm [image: Border tripoint of Austria, Czech Republic and Germany] [image: Alois Sonnleitner] austria czech republic slovakia 031 atczsk triple frontier of austria with moravia & hungary dating from 14th century or earlier revived as tricountry point in 1991 by breakup of czechoslovakia & if czsk convergent follows logical precedent of 1928 austria czechoslovakia agreement likely situated at median junction of thaya & morava rivers in roughly n48d37m0s e16d56m25s wgs84 photo http://www.panoramio.com/photo/12055511 [image: Dreiländer CZ-SK-AT] austria hungary slovenia 032 athusi successor on independence of slovenia in 1991 to athuyu tricountry point created ex novo in 1921 by transfer of burgenland from hungary to austria per treaties of saint germain & trianon whose dates are recorded on monument situated in roughly n46d52m9s e16d6m50s wgs 84 on raab mura watershed divide photos http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fájl:Harmashatar2.jpg & http://www.vs-eltendorf.schulweb.at/1322,,,2.html tripoint detail on top surface http://static.panoramio.com/ photos/original/29029280.jpg [image: wandertage_08/dreil1.jpg] austria hungary slovakia 033 athusk successor on independence of slovakia in 1993 to atcshu tricountry point repositioned & monumented in 1947 in roughly n48d0m24s e17d9m38s wgs84 at location of international municipal tripoint created in 1921 by transfer of burgenland from hungary to austria thereby extending the slight southeastward displacement of atcshu following wwi a few extra km by enlargement of bratislava bridgehead per wwii treaty ceding small additional territory from hungary to czechoslovakia photos http://www.panoramio.com/photo/14351592 & http://www.flickr.com/photos/28563625@N02/3942127877/sizes/sq/in/set-72157622303606181/ downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--m33-36.html [image: Drielandenpunt Hongarije - Oostenrijk - Slowakije] long considered the easternmost point of the west austria italy slovenia 034 atitsi successor upon independence of slovenia in 1991 to original atityu tricountry point established in 1919 by treaty of st germain on summit of pec aka ofen aka forno elev1509m at junction of carnic & julian alps marking ancient germano italo slavic triple frontier where it was fixed in 1922 some 369cm east of preexisting triangulation point & demarcated in 1924 in roughly d46d31m22s e13d42m51s wgs84 by masonry pillar numbered variously 1 & xxvii over 294 & p519 depicting trifinial conjunction on top face as a crowfoot photo http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5355294 ibs 58 [image: Border Tripoint of ATITSI] azerbaijan georgia russia 035 azgeru tricountry conjunction since independence of azerbaijan in 1991 inheriting soviet administrative trijunction established probably upon creation of transcaucasian sfsr in 1924 or soon after & promoted to republican trijunction in 1936 upon the transcaucasian breakup evidently situated on west shoulder of machkhalroso pass as indicated on large scale soviet maps but probably still unmarked in roughly n41d54m50s e46d25m25s wgs84 where the position does not appear to be in much doubt even if the precise alignment of the azru convergent remains uncertain as reflected perhaps by these conflicting downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-081-2.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k38-081.html & vague reports of recent discussions http://en.trend.az/news/politics/954816.html & http://www.casfactor.com/en/news/120.html & their outcome http://www.news.az/articles/politics/34920 & http://www.geospatialworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21714%3Aazerbaijan-keen-on-border-demarcation-with-russia-&catid=47%3Aproduct-surveying-mapping&Itemid=1 neighborhood photo likely showing most probable trifinial location on slope in very near left foreground http://www.panoramio.com/photo/45888160 [image: Untitled] azerbaijan iran turkmenistan 036 azirtm indefinite tricountry convergence since independence of azerbaijan in 1991 first briefly as azirsu & hypothetical equidistant point in caspian sea at roughly 38n36 51e12 rejected by iran general scheme of equidistant caspian allocation http://www.travel-i mages.com/az-capiandivis.jpg locator map http://tinyurl.com/y8ts4tf <http://tinyurl.com/y8ts4tf>ibs 25 azerbaijan iran turkey 037 azirtr tricountry point initially of persia & turkey with soviet * armenia* since treaty of aleksandropol in 1920 at thalweg junction of aras & kara su in roughly 39n38 45e48 where it is now apparently in alignment with remote pair of 1957 irsu markers numbered 1 adjoining land transferred from armenia to azerbaijan within the soviet union in 1924 & devolved from irsutrto present format in 1991 by independence of azerbaijan topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-018.jpg <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/azerbaijan/100k/J-38-018.jpg>ibs 25 28 29 azerbaijan kazakhstan russia 038 azkzru tricountry convergence since independence of kazakhstan in 1991 inheriting obscure & indefinite soviet federal trijunction in caspian sea dating perhaps from 1936 & which finally became fixed in 2003 approx 72nm from respective coasts as common boundary terminal point at n42d33m36s e49d53m18s in undatumized deciminutes having first been agreed in 3 bilateral treaties & then agreed trilaterally to be a tripoint & ratified as such by az & kz tho russia reportedly did not believe additional ratification was required detailed locator map on page 4021 here http://tinyurl.com/27jm5cs azerbaijan kazakhstan turkmenistan 039 azkztm notional tricountry conjunction since independence of turkmenistan in 1991 initially as azsutm succeeding indefinite soviet federal trijunction ultimately fixed as terminal point of 2003 azkz agreement at n41d32m24s n50d56m36s in undatumized deciminutes which may be taken as the trijunction point according to the agreement & may thus have been accepted by tm while still without formal concurrence tentative locator map page 4021 http://tinyurl.com/27jm5cs bosnia & herzegovina croatia montenegro 040 bahrme tricountry conjunction since independence of bosnia herzegovina in 1992 as bahryus til montenegro independence in 2006 succeeding yugoslav federal trijunction created in 1945 per map evidence now thought to lie about 2km north of dubravka possibly at high point on ridge in approx elev1000m at roughly 42n34 18e27 tho still not necessarily marked nor even fully agreed per ibru explanation herebelow notwithstanding a preliminary 1999 bahr accord stating it has been agreed & demarcated by a pyramid best available topo http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point/7665 bosnian zoomable mapping http://80.65.160.70/SFBIH/ 1999 bahr agreement http://www.un.org/Depts/los/ LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/HRV-BIH1999SB.PDF & evaluation http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb7-4_klemencic.pdf bosnia & herzegovina croatia serbia 041 bahrrs tricountry conjunction since independence of bosnia herzegovina in 1992 as bahryun til serbia montenegro breakup in 2006 succeeding yugoslav federal trijunction created in 1945 or earlier per map evidence probably on thalweg of sava opposite center of mouth of lukavac brook in roughly 44n51 19e1 & said by an apparently provisional 1999 bahr accord to have been agreed & even marked however improbably by a pyramid or pyramids bosnian mapping http://80.65.160.70/SFBIH/ best available tho boundaryless topo http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Serbia/Serbia_topo_1.100000/imagepages/image15.html see also bahrme above for bahr agreement which is evidently still a work in progress bosnia & herzegovina montenegro serbia 042 bamers tricountry conjunction since breakup of serbia & montenegro in 2006 succeeding yugoslav federal trijunction created in 1945 or earlier per map evidence probably at ridge trijunction on upper vrhovi peak elev1320m in roughly 43n31 19e14 tho still not necessarily agreed bosnian mapping http://80.65.160.70/SFBIH/ best available albeit boundaryless topo http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> da<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> ta/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> Cerna<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> _Hora-Montenegro/<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> Metaljka.jpg<http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Jugoslavie-Yugoslavia/Cerna_Hora-Montenegro/Metaljka.jpg> bangladesh india myanmar 043 bdinmm tricountry point since independence & partition of india in 1947 initially as gbinpk til independence of burma in 1948 & not reaching present form til after independence of bangladesh in 1971 & renaming of burma myanmar in 1989 inheriting british colonial administrative tripoint initially of arakan & chittagong with burma marked probably by original 1894 or 1901 gb pillar number 1 as well as a recent bdmm pillar at ridge junction named teen mukh or literally 3 faces in elev about 920m at roughly 21n58 92e36 half a mile south of reng tlang triangulation station downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f46-21.html photo http://www.panoramio.com/photo/39386457 ibs 80 [image: Tin mukh pillar] belgium germany luxembourg 044 bedelu tricountry conjunction since independence of luxembourg from belgium in 1839 established evidently by partition of belgo & hitherto dutch prussian condominial territory created in 1815 reaching present political format upon unification of germany in 1871 & after some confusion during the 20th century reaffirmed & clarified by 1984 delu accord all while having the geographical form of a *triline* extending across the west or right half of the river our aka ours or ouren perpendicular to the center of the mouth of ribbach creek in roughly n50d7m47s e6d8m16s wgs84 as demarcated by a pair of bede stones dating likely from 1922 & numbered 1 together with a probably earlier if not original stone numbered 52 which survives in the luxembourg corner photo http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5001130 <http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5001130>ibs 7 [image: Tripoint BEDELU] belgium germany netherlands 045 bedenl former binational condominial tripoint dating from creation of neutral dutch & prussian moresnet territory in 1816 promoted to tricountry quadripoint by independence of belgium from the netherlands in 1830s reaching present political format upon german unification in 1871 & present trifinial configuration by cession of condominial & adjacent territory from germany to belgium in 1920 marked by octagonal obeliskoid monument numbered 193 & attributed to the original 1818 demarcation but also said to be a 1926 facsimile replacement in roughly n50d45m15s e6d1m16s wgs84 where it is today a municipal quadripoint as well as a tricountry point visitation report posted by international boundaries research unit http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/drielandenpunt/ old photo below including boundaries of former condominial territory in cobblestones http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BeNeGe1.jpg followed by photo of new design http://www.panoramio.com/photo/24714521 ibs 7 31 [image: Borne des frontières germano-belgo-hollandaises] belgium france luxembourg 046 befrlu tricountry point however discontinuously since separation of belgium from netherlands in 1839 technically as befrnl while rump luxembourg remained in rump netherlands til 1890 & suspended by german occupations during both world wars situated at median junction of the river chiers & bruehl creek in roughly n49d32m47s e5d49m7s wgs84 in alignment with a remote pair of cast iron belu markers numbered 1 & dating probably from 1843 visitation report with topo & photo of recent renovation http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grenspalen.com%2Fbelux-gp001-010.html&sl=nl&tl=en [image: grenspalen 1, 20080413] benin burkina faso niger 047 bfbjne tricountry point since independence of niger in 1960 succeeding indefinite french colonial tripoint intermittent from 1919 fixed on median line of river mekrou at n11d54m15s e2d25m10s clarke1880ellipsoid per 2005 icj bjne decision a few hundred meters from a new *point triple* lodge in benin downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c31-03.html neighborhood photo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Mekrou_river_in_W-National_Park_MS_6380.JPG <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Mekrou_river_in_W-National_Park_MS_6380.JPG>ibs 97 140 146 [image: Thumbnail for version as of 10:50, 4 October 2007] benin burkina faso togo 048 bfbjtg notional tricountry point since independence of dahomey viz the eventual benin in 1960 succeeding indefinte french colonial tripoint intermittent from 1919 probably undemarcated but possibly staked unilaterally at 1912 defr delimitation point 109 in roughly 11n0 0e55 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c31-07.html neighborhood photo http://www.confluence.org/photo.php?visitid=5127&pic=1 for stakes on bjtg & bftg http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS124.pdf & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS128.pdf ibs 97 124 128 [image: Taken from the confluence point looking northwest] burkina faso with cote d ivoire & ghana 049 bfcigh notional & de facto tricountry conjunction since independence in 1960 of haute volta viz the eventual burkina faso succeeding binational frgb colonial trijunction created by 1947 french reorganization possibly restoring administrative limits dating from 1903 but fixed in any case per 1905 frgb note on thalweg of black volta aka mouhoun river & said to lie in roughly n9d29m30s 2w41 based on possibly inconsistent french colonial map evidence in the absence of demarcation or any certain official acts or decrees topo showing 1953 ign position http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nc30-11.jpg downloadable topo evidently based on later slightly different ign position http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c30-22.html showing location about 1km due west of saru ghana & perhaps most tellingly this 1979 ibs study reports relevant ign map indicates a stream confluence location for the tripoint http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS169.pdf while it is noteworthy that a minor right bank tributary does appear to emerge as described just below saru landing at around n9d29m8s per recent aerial photo probably very close neighborhood photo from http://oseiduro.com/2009/12/the-xmas-ii/ ibs 138 169 [image: motocrossing] burkina faso with cote d ivoire & mali 050 bfciml notional & de facto tricountry conjunction since independence in 1960 of haute volta viz the eventual burkina faso succeeding indefinite french administrative trijunction established apparently in 1947 if it was not determined in 1919 at confluence of intermittent danboro & perennialzagoundouba headstreams of leraba occidentale based only on french colonial map evidence in the absence of demarcation or any certain official acts or decrees in roughly 10n26 5w31 tho whether the tripoint is situated at median or thalweg junction remains in doubt topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nc30-5-2nd-ed.jpg better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c30-13.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c30-13.html>ibs 169 171 burkina faso with ghana & togo 051 bfghtg tricountry point since independence of togo in 1960 first briefly as frghtg succeeding binational jurisdictional tripoint created by the frgb partition of togoland in 1916 up to the defr boundary as delimited in 1912 & evidently situated on median line of kulutamsi river beside frgb pillar 148 dating from 1929 or earlier tho the pillar itself has also been cited if perhaps in error as the direct marker of the tripoint topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/ghana/200k/03-30-12.jpg agreeing with position stated by ibs as roughly n11d8m13s w0d8m9s ibs 126 128 burkina faso with mali & niger 052 bfmlne tricountry point since independence in 1960 of haute volta the eventual burkina faso succeeding french administrative tripoint dating from 1919 & determined by 1986 icj bfml judgment to be situated in the heights of ngouma about 3km north of kabia ford or at n14d54m48s e0d14m39s in the unknown datum of the 1960 ign map referenced by the court & later reported to have been demarcated by bf&ne if not also by bf&ml per the court order topos all showing formerly presumptive but incorrect position http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet12-4th-ed.jpg & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1910993818/item/1767275249/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc downloadable http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d31-07.html icj judgment & maps http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/69/6449.pdf adjudicated position http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/burkina_pol96.jpg <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/burkina_pol96.jpg>ibs 146 150 bulgaria greece macedonia 053 bggrmk tricountry point as bggryu til independence of macedonia in 1991 created ex novo either in 1913 by treaty of bucharest which appears to have imperfectly distributed the ottoman vilayet of salonica among its 3 occupiers leaving the exact location of the original bggrrs trijunction in some doubt or else in 1919 by treaty of neuilly sur seine which transferred strumica from bulgaria to the serb croat slovene state & put an end to any doubt by changing at least the trifinial configuration if not also the actual location situated on belasica ridge & finally fixed with certainty at tumba summit elev1881m in n41d20m18s73 e22d55m39s33 wgs84 where it had already been demarcated in 1913 unilaterally by bulgaria if not also presciently by grrs marker number 1 & was later assimilated with or joined by other demarcations also numbered 1 in their respective series downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k34-094-4.html other topos http://img836.imageshack.us/img836/1125/triethnes.jpg & http://web.uni-plovdiv.bg/vedrin/index_en.html treaty maps http://www.pollitecon.com/html/treaties/Treaty_of_Bucharest_Map_4_1-200000.jpg & http://www.pollitecon.com/html/treaties/Treaty_of_Bucharest_Map_5_1-200000.jpg map indicating change of tripoint location from 1913 to 1919 at lower left http://www.pollitecon.com/html/treaties/neuilly.gif mutually conflicted ibs studies http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS056.pdf & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS079.pdf & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS130.pdf for photo http:/ <http://goog_1250128806932/>/www.theuiaa.org/<http://www.theuiaa.org/global_youth_summit.html> global_youth_summit.html <http://www.theuiaa.org/global_youth_summit.html> also outstanding http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/803/triethnes3.jpg ibs 56 69 130 bulgaria greece turkey 054 bggrtr tricountry point created ex novo by lausanne treaty of 1923 resolving 1922 armistice of mudanya & first demarcated remotely in 1926 on median line of main channel of maritsa river just south of an island named kavak ada or evros alpha but displaced ca1953 when bulgaria & greece divided the western half of the island a few hundred meters northward to a location near mid island known as point 1 & situated in roughly n41d42m40s e26d21m28s wgs84 ibs map & brief http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/maps/bs41.html downloadable soviet topo places tripoint on island http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k35-077-4.html as does classified greek military map photo of latest in series of tripoint monuments on flood prone island http://www.panoramio.com/photo/39515543 & of its predecessor below http://www.cifr.it/forum73.html ibs 41 49 56 [image: Peace Monument at BGGRTR tripoint] bulgaria macedonia serbia 055 bgmkrs tricountry point since independence of macedonia in 1991 succeeding 1945 yugoslav interstate border terminus at 1919 bgyu international boundary positionally fixed or reaffirmed by 2001 mkrs agreement at 1922 bgyu marker 106 which was replaced by a tripartite marker in 2002 situated in roughly 42n19 22e22 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k34-069-2.html photo http://gorna_carsija.tripod.com/november/id24.html <http://gorna_carsija.tripod.com/november/id24.html>ibs 130 [image: pyramid_24nov2002.jpg] [image: wbalk20021125.jpg] bulgaria romania serbia 056 bgrors tristate conjunction intermittent since 14th century within & adjoining ottoman empire promoted to tricountry status upon independence of romania in 1878 initially as rorstr until independence of bulgaria in 1908 & taking the form of bgroyu between 1918 & 2003 defined by 1919 treaty of neuilly on thalweg of danube & hypothetically opposite the center of the mouth of the timok since the bgrs delimitation follows the course of the latter indefinitely distant photo from right bank of timok http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3969552 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--l34-142-1.html showing position in roughly 44n13 22e40 ibs 53 130 bahrain qatar saudi arabia 057 bhqasa hypothetical equidistant maritime point in gulf of bahrain since independence of qatar in 1971 first briefly as gbqasa at roughly n25d34m12s e50d33m36s per vliz is partly determined by terminal loxodrome of 234d16m53s projected from point 1 of 2001 icj bhqa judgment namely n25d34m34s e50d34m3s while bhsa boundary agreed in 1958 still needs to be extended southeastward from its present terminal point at approx 25n36 50e31 & qasa boundary agreed in 1965 stipulated only that the median line between the respective coasts in the dawhat salwa should be as straight as possible regardless of indentations for approx location on satpic map please wait a bit & then zoom out a few clicks http://tinyurl.com/28wloqr burundi with congo democratic & rwanda 058 bicdrw tricountry point since independence of burundi & rwanda in 1962 succeeding belgian colonial administrative trijunction that emerged from 1916 conquest of german east africa in a location already loosely tripartite as of 1910 bede boundary adjustment finally fixed by 1949 belgian colonial delimitation at confluence of the luhwa & rusizi rivers presumably at thalweg junction per ibs in roughly s2d44m40s2 e29d2m25s8 wgs84 per best known mapping where it is frequented by a monstrous crocodile named gustave topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1921777156/item/786537009/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & better tho slower http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/275486465/name/BICDRW_50k_RW_Carte_pedologique_Rwanda_feuille38-Bugumya%2Epdf neighborhood photos & video http://new.taringa.net/posts/taringa/5076300/Super-cocodrilo.html ibs 48 52 72 [image: Gustave, el cocodrilo gigante de Burundi] burundi with congo democratic & tanzania 059 bicdtz tricountry conjunction since independence of belgian congo in 1960 reaching present form in 1964 after several additional political changes succeeding binational colonial trijunction created in 1924 where begb partition of german east africa mandate met 1910 bede boundary on indefinite median line of lake tanganyika due west of begb pillar number 1 at mouth of ndyakalika ravine & thus situated in roughly s4d26m30s & very loosely 29e25 neighborhood photo with trijunction at far left or beyond http://www.panoramio.com/photo/31711768 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xb35-2.html ibs 48 51 70 [image: Lake Tanganyika north of Kasekara] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/31711768.jpg> burundi rwanda tanzania 060 birwtz tricountry point since simultaneous independence of burundi & rwanda in 1962 succeeding intercolonial administrative trijunction established by 1924 if not 1919 begb partition of german east africa which upgraded a loosely defined internal administrative tripoint dating perhaps from 1885 if not indeed a precolonial triple frontier as well evidently fixed by belgian ordinance of 1949 at thalweg junction of mwibu & kagera rivers in roughly s2d24m44s e30d32m30s wgs84 tho the mwibu & its thalweg are so negligible that they have not been mentioned since 1934 & the kagera is evidently quite changeable thus leaving the exact tripoint location in some doubt topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1673687486/item/1443152557/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/264778448/name/BIRWTZ_50k_RW_Carte_pedologique_Rwanda_feuille35-Kirehe%2Epdf & downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xa36-3.html ibs 69 70 72 benin niger nigeria 061 bjneng tricountry point since independence of dahomey aka benin in 1960 very briefly as bjfrgb & bjnegb til independence of nigeria also in 1960 at a location established & fixed by 1898 & 1906 frgb agreements that made it a binational colonial tripoint but displaced slightly in 2005 by icj bjne judgment from median line of niger river to thalweg at point 154 in n11d42m39s e3d35m18s clarke1880ellipsoid downloadable map dated 1981 seems to have had it already on the thalweg http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c31-04.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c31-04.html>ibs 91 93 140 bolivia brazil peru 062 bobrpe while maps have shown a trijunction of these countries at many & various locations & times since their independence in the 1820s the present tripoint position at the median junction of the rivers yaverija & acre in roughly s10d56m45s w69d34m20s which was first negotiated evidently in 1899 did not finally become effective until 1909 upon rectification of an arbitral award made earlier that year pursuant to 1902 bopy & 1903 bobr accords sketch map & photo with geometrical construction http://www.info.<http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/trip.html> l <http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/trip.html>ncc.br/wrmkkk/trip.html<http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/trip.html> downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xc19-3.html nearby witness markers http://assisbrasil.org/mapa3.html & surrounding beach party http://www.ub.es/geocrit/sn/sn-292.htm bolivia brazil paraguay 063 bobrpy while maps have shown a trijunction of these countries at or near the present location since the early 19th century the tripoint was finally fixed if not simply reaffirmed by 1938 bopy arbitral award effectively culminating gran chaco war precisely at thalweg junction of rio negro with rio paraguay insofar as 1867 bobr & 1927 brpy delimitations had likewise followed thalwegs of their respective river sectors downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xf21-1.html photo of confluence purporting to show tripoint location http://www.panoramio.com/photo/45978819 photo of bolivian witness marker on island in confluence http://www.rree.gob.bo/webmre/dglfai/limites.htm photo of brazilian witness marker on right bank http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/bptrip.html & sketch map showing its relation to tripoint in river http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/bo3dd.html apparently situated in roughly 20s10 58w10 ibs 165 [image: In der Nähe von Corumba Brasilien Paraguay Bolivien Dreieck] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/45978819.jpg> [image: hitobbp] bolivia chile peru 064 boclpe original tricountry point established in 1929 by treaty of lima finally settling war of pacific half a century afterwards & giving rise to tripartite obeliskoid monument aka clpe marker 80 at visviri incorporating 1906 bocl marker 5 which had been erected at point 94 of the bocl peace treaty delimitation of 1904 but was evidently chosen by the 1929 demarcators for its location 10km north of the arica la paz railway in conformity with the clpe treaty & which thus transformed into bope all the prior bocl sector northward of the tripoint in roughly s17d29m54s w69d28m6s wgs84 per aerial photo topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/latin_america/txu-oclc-224300691-se19-6.jpg photo http://www.flickr.com/photos/elconejorojo/3762286904/in/set-72157623723054508/ <http://www.flickr.com/photos/elconejorojo/3762286904/in/set-72157623723054508/>ibs 65 67 <http://www.flickr.com/photos/elconejorojo/3762286904/in/set-72157623723054508/>[image: photo] brazil colombia peru 065 brcope tricountry conjunction established implicitly by 1928 brco treatyon thalweg of amazon in conformity with explicit 1922 cope agreement but also indefinite 1851 brpe delimitation evidently set due west of rather than perpendicular to mouth of san antonio creek which separates leticia & tabatinga & thus in very roughly s4d13m30s w69d56m55s downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xb19-1.html sketch map http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/pe2.html rightly showing so called parallel of santo antonio carrying brco convergent to trijunction at thalweg larger scale map misplacing tripoint because of oversimplified depiction of brco convergent http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/txu-oclc-232610622-leticia-1995.jpg photo with purported trijunction at bottom right of center http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/coleti.html or just below center of following photo http://beta.d24am.com/amazonia/meio-ambiente/solimes-tem-o-nivel-mais-baixo-ja-registrado-em-tabatinga/6957 ibs 174 [image: Rio Solimões cerca a cidade de Tabatinga e agora enfrenta a pior seca já registrada.] brazil colombia venezuela 066 brcove long contested tricountry conjunction effectively settled around 1900 judging from period maps by completion of slightly irrational triple intersection of 2 geodesic boundary lines & the thalweg of the rio negro supposedly somewhere between the rock of cocuy situated on east bank & san jose island situated near west bank but terminal beacon pairs erected in 1930 & 1935 respectively to renew & project original brve alignment dating from 1859 & to establish & project brco alignment pursuant to 1907 accord appear to cause these boundary segments to meet on west bank of river near south end of island rather than within river channel due east of island as might have been expected & thus constructed & situated a bit imperfectly at around 1n14 66w51 clearly perplexed but best available topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--a19-4.html downloadable with english prompts available clearly contradictory if not simply flawed but best available coords http://www.info.lncc.br/vemar.txt & http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/maps/bs175a.html video views of triarea http://tinyurl.com/m5663p photo taken from just north of probable trijunction location in river http://www.guiaviajesvirtual.com/amazonas/monunat/cocuy1.jpg ibs 174 175 brazil france suriname 067 brfrsr triple frontier of separation in unknown amazon & maroni watersheds more or less continuously since 1667 treaty of breda initially as frnlpt til succeeded by brfrnl in 1822 on independence of brazil & not reaching present political form til independence of suriname in 1975 but sharply narrowed by frnl accord of 1836 to source of maroni river albeit then still geographically unknown & narrowed further by frnl arbitral award of 1891 to source of lawa affluent specifically tho it too was then still unknown beyond rough longitude on remote & possibly still nameless ridge until delimitations in brfr arbitral award of 1900 & brnl agreement of 1906 converged from east & west along this ridge which had by then been identified as tumucumaque & ultimately led a 1938 brnl commission to emplace upon it an unnumbered if not unacknowledged & unconfirmed tripoint mark at source of coule coule headstream of litani affluent of the lawa in roughly 2n20 54w36 where it was revisited in like manner by 1962 brfr commission & now also appears to have been surmounted by a french tower tho the location has remained disputed by nl & later by sr as well in whose view the trijunction should rather lie some 20 miles southeastward at the source of a different affluent of the lawa maroni named in fact marowini or marouini tho clearly not the same as the greater maroni aka morowijne in view of the intervening contributary name of *lawa* & decades if not centuries of french effectivity & enforcement in the disputed area downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--a21-2.html brazil guyana suriname 068 brgysr triple frontier of separation in remote amazon & courantyne watersheds intermittently since 1667 treaty of breda & continuously since 1815 treaty of paris first as gbnlpt but succeeded by brgbnl in 1822 & brgynl in 1966 before reaching present composition in 1975 reduced by exploration in 1842 to presumptive trijunction at source of kutari headstream of kuruni affluent of courantyne but compromised by discovery in 1871 of possibly greater western fork named new river which was soon claimed by nl yet was ignored by brnl & brgb delimitations & demarcations between 1906 & 1940 that ultimately designated a putative tripoint position at 1938 brgb pillar 132 of masonry on large rock outcrop of elev463m named farogle by its discoverers farabee & ogilvie in 1913 & situated in gap between tumucumaque & acarai ridges at roughly 1n58 56w27 tho this location was not finally agreed by nl & has remained disputed by sr which insists on source of new river in about 1n27 58w26 regardless of continuous british & later guyanese effectivity & enforcement historical brief http://www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter102.html downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--a21-4.html brazil guyana venezuela 069 brgyve triple frontier of separation encompassing unknown areas of amazon orinoco & essequibo basins since perhaps early 17th century tho not clearly mapped as such til mid 18th while emerging first as esnlpt & alternating as esgbpt between 1666 & 1814 & succeeded by bresgb in 1822 & brgbve in 1830 on way to present format in 1966 even as the putative trijunction now commonly known as the triple point was itself emerging since mid 19th century upon the multiple watershed divide of the local headstreams now called respectively cotingo arabopo & paikwa near the summit of mount roraima at elev 2772m in roughly 5n12 60w44 where it was finally marked in 1931 trilaterally by a pyramoid monument numbered bv0 pursuant to 1926 & 1859 brve agreements & likewise in confirmation of 1926 rectification of 1904 brgb arbitral award & afterwards also confirmed by 1932 gbve accord completing demarcation begun in 1902 pursuant to 1899 arbitral award yet was repudiated in 1949 by venezuela owing to belated allegations of an arbitral impropriety committed half a centtury earlier & has remained in dispute by venezuela which would place the tripoint rather at the source of the essequibo around 1n15 58w55 notwithstanding more than a century of british & later guyanese effectivity & enforcement downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--b20-4.html photos http://www.farandfurther.com/venezuela-travel/roraima-lost-world.htm & http://www.flickr.com/photos/pialbo/1401628197/sizes/z/in/photostream/ ibs 21 175 [image: Three Points] bhutan china india east 070 btcnine triple frontier of separation of various historic states in remote himalayas since time immemorial as btcngb from 19th if not 18th century til reaching present format in 1947 on independence of india believed to be undelimited in any way but sharply narrowed positionally by 1962 cnin war to de facto trijunction atop thagla ridge just southeast of me la pass at traditional limits of bhutan & western end of so called line of actual control or roughly 27n52 91e37 in an area reportedly not covered by unpublished btin accords of 2006 & moreover unresolved by btcn discussions thru 2010 a few miles north of position shown at bhutan end of mcmahon line on most conventional maps but rejected in any case by china which claims adjacent tawang district if not all of arunachal pradesh state of india & an unspecified trijunction position much farther south regardless of centuries of british & later indian effectivity & control topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/india/250k/ng46_2.jpg for thagla sketch map http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1962War/Images/Namka2.jpg & historical narrative http://www.indiandefencereview.com/military%20&%20space/1962-War-The-Chinese-invasion---I.html most probable location indicated by green arrowhead http://tinyurl.com/l867x9 photo http://frontierindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Thagla_Ridge.jpg bhutan china india west 071 btcninw triple frontier of separation of various states intermittently for many centuries in remote himalayas as btcngb from 19th century til emerging in present form perhaps in 1947 upon indian independence if not actually in 1975 upon formal union of sikkim with india first assigned rather indefinitely to mount gipmochi aka gyemo chen by 1890 cngb delimitation but an otherwise definite albeit unpublished 2006 btin delimitation has also left the trijunction unresolved as have btcn discussions thru 2010 while china has occupied up to 89 sq km of the doklam plateau southeast of strategic nathu la pass & has announced plans to extend a railway to yadong 10 miles from contested area by 2017 topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/txu-oclc-6614190-ng45-4.jpg patrols http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=125389 estimated practical location at treeline on ridge in roughly 20n16 88e54 indicated by pointer http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=27.2687694,+88.8917389&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl neighborhood photo http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/asia-butan-bhutan-general-gyemo-chen/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=1252567#0 botswana namibia south africa 072 bwnaza original tricountry point created by independence of namibia in 1990 ultimately inheriting degb tricolonial point established in 1895 at roughly 24s45 20e0 in the normally dry bed of the nossob river is shown on some maps as being demarcated on the spot tho no marker has yet been reported by visitors so the position could well be unmarked or the marker could be washed out but more likely it is just obscured by the continuous bwna & naza fence line & possibly also situated farther north than visitors normally coming from the south & prohibited from continuing beyond the end of the road have yet realized so perhaps about s24d44m50s topo 5th from bottom showing direct demarcation http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point-point/336 also http://tinyurl.com/yf7uhnl & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--xg34-08.html & http://tinyurl.com/yhfqqmf neighborhood photos http://www.sanparks.org/<http://www.sanparks.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=19392> forums/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=<http://www.sanparks.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=19392> 19392 <http://www.sanparks.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=19392> <http://www.sanparks.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=19392>ibs 122 125 <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1397358595/item/497771096/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc> botswana namibia zambia 073 bwnazm at the ill defined convergence of 4 countries in the confluence of the chobe & zambezi rivers at roughly s17d47m35s e25d15m50s the de facto botswana zambia frontier with ferry service is more noticed & active than its namibia zimbabwe counterpart alternative so a bwnazm trijunction is commonly presumed to lie directly above the ferry crossing just as a bwzmzw trijunction is similarly presumed to lie directly below the crossing best available cartography however does not necessarily confirm the existence of bwzm & its trijunctions *bwnazm* & *bwzmzw* at all but rather suggests the contradictory existence of nazw with trijunctions of *bwnazw*& *nazmzw* is at least equally probable http://library.wur.nl/isric/kaart/origineel/afr_zw3002_3to.jpg & http://<http://tinyurl.com/ykwu2ps> tinyurl.com/ykwu2ps & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/169694273/item/1143777534/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc moreover the bathymetric map on page 78 of the following bridge prospectus http://www.necz.org.zm/news/comments/eis-reports/Kazungula-Bridge/Final%20ESIA%20Report%20Volume%201%20(double%20side%20printing).pdf<http://www.necz.org.zm/news/comments/eis-reports/Kazungula-Bridge/Final%20ESIA%20Report%20Volume%201%20%28double%20side%20printing%29.pdf> makes it clear that the thalwegs of the chobe & upper zambezi which delimit the easternmost projection of namibia converge actually a short distance below the botswana ferry landing & thus appear to produce a territorial overlap of namibia & zimbabwe along the route of the ferry extending between a * bwnazw* trijunction lying not far from the botswana landing & a *nazmzw*trijunction lying near midriver ibs 123 [image: File:KazungulaFerry.jpg] botswana namibia zimbabwe *000* *bwnazw *tho it flies in the face of both common perception & governmental assertion nevertheless the existence of a bwnazw trijunction produced by conflicting de jure boundaries & the resulting territorial overlap not only cannot be ruled out but actually is shown by best available mapping at a location near the right bank ferry slip in very roughly s17d47m35s e25d15m50s & is thus included in the registry tho not enumerated or counted in the inventory pending further clarifications particularly of the precise locations of 1907 & 1959 bwzw terminal beacons numbered 226 & 842 respectively at & near the right bank of the zambezi & also of the possibly equally definitive but still unpublished report of a 2003 bwna redelimitation & demarcation commission evidence of diplomatic acknowledgment 2006 http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=121&GroupID=1 see also bwnazm above & bwzmzw below & *000* nazmzw far below ibs 148 botswana south africa zimbabwe 074 bwzazw officially a tricountry conjunction since independence of botswana in 1966 inheriting british colonial trijunction dating from 1898 most probably at the median junction in the confluence of the shashi & limpopo rivers in roughly s22d11m41s e29d22m37s tho only the zazw convergent ascending the lower limpopo is precisely delimited on the midline south african topo showing all 3 boundaries following centerlines of full river beds 4th from bottom http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point-point/336 the official botswana version U11NW_Limpopo_Shashe.<http://d.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/1440229985/name/U11NW_Limpopo_Shashe%2Epdf> pdf<http://d.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/1440229985/name/U11NW_Limpopo_Shashe%2Epdf> not just depicting but virtually agreeing to centerlines & similarly this downloadable soviet topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--xf35-24.html quite squarely showing the tripoint opposite the mouth of the river shashi as stipulated by a british colonial order but all 3 maps show a distinctly different tripoint position & both rivers often run dry & thus project downstream or even suspend their median junction from time to time photo with presumptive tripoint at far right or just beyond http://www.panoramio.com/photo/29002231 ibs 117 122 148 [image: Confluent Point (Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa)] botswana zambia zimbabwe 075 bwzmzw the situation in this case is essentially identical as well as geographically very close to that of the *bwnazm* trijunction listed & described above except *bwzmzw* is generally presumed to lie directly below the ferry crossing also in very roughly s17d47m35s e25d15m50s however boundary clarifications expected for a planned bridge construction project make it likely that more definitive data including the still unpublished results of a 2003 bwna demarcation will soon become available & that the purported *bwzmzw* & *bwnazm* trijunctions will become entirely supplanted in common perception & in the tricountry registry by the technically already more probable *bwnazw* & *nazmzw* trijunctions all which see also above & below ibs 30 148 belarus latvia lithuania 076 byltlv tricountry point since independence of latvia in 1990 initially as ltlvsu til independence of belarus in 1991 inheriting soviet tristate point dating probably from creation of latvian & lithuanian ssrs in 1940comprising concrete demarcations in 6 meter neutral square near liudevinova lake in n55d40m50s46h e26d37m49s39h wgs84 per aerial photo photo below & other noteworthy data http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/byltlv.htm & http://www.miestai.net/forumas/showthread.php?t=6699 choice photo & quick topo swatch http://www.angelfire.com/blues/riba/llb.html detailed topo http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point/9333/ [image: The tripoint itself!] belarus lithuania poland 077 byltpl former tricountry conjunction as deltsu from 1939 to 1940 revived by lithuanian independence in 1990 as ltplsu til independence of belarus in 1991 inheriting binational trijunction that emerged from molotov ribbentrop pact when lithuania was finally absorbed by soviet union rather than germany in 1940 & which was reconfigured to its present trifinial arrangement by transfer of bialystok region from soviet union to poland in 1946 & is situated in roughly n53d57m22s e23d30m54s on median line of mara aka maricha aka marycha river beside a now solitary lithuanian witness marker 1789 since the former plsu marker pair of the same number dating from 1947 have recently been removed while a comprehensive trilateral agreement was completed in 2011 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--n34-084-1.html photo below http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/byltpl.htm updated photo http://tinyurl.com/yjtlhyz belarus latvia russia 078 bylvru tricountry point since independence of belarus in 1991 first briefly as bylvsu inheriting soviet tristate conjunction dating from 1940 & now situated at intersection of center lines of neverica aka neveritsa & zilupe aka sinjuha or sinyukha rivers in roughly n56d10m11s e28d9m0s wgs84 after being displaced by agreement about 100 meters ssw from actual soviet position on ceremonial friendship mound or kurgan druzhby purportedly dating from 1950s & today fully on latvian soil downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--o35-141-1.html formal agreement concluded 2010 http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/news/latvia-russia-belarus-sign-border-agreement.html & mostly ratified http://law.by/work/EnglPortal.nsf/0/520E73C34225ED3DC22577BD0051AAE7?OpenDocument photo with tripoint perhaps a bit left of center http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/bylvru.htm belarus poland ukraine 079 byplua tricountry conjunction since breakup of soviet union in 1991 succeeding binational trijunction created in 1939 when germany & the soviet union first agreed to the curzon line originally proposed in 1919 & restored in 1946 by poland & the soviet union & today situated following if not pursuant to trilateral agreement drafted in 1998 apparently at triple intersection of median line of western bug river & prolongation of south bank of moscickogo canal & sight line between plsu riparian marker pair numbered 1123 in roughly n51d30m30s e23d37m4s wgs84 per aerial photo various topos etc http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/byplua/byplua_maps.htm & photo montage believed to be centered on tripoint other photos & observations http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Foldwww.fuw.edu.pl%2Faw2p2%2Fmisc%2Fkonpol%2Fsobibor.html [image: Białoruski słup graniczny] belarus russia ukraine 080 byruua presumptive tricountry point restored possibly at original location by collapse of soviet union in 1991 succeeding internal tristate conjunction created in 1922 at birth of soviet union pursuant to prior byruua tricountry convergency dating from 1919 or earlier & now apparently centered on pedestal plaza of towering kurgan druzhby monument erected in 1975 as wwii memorial in roughly n52d6m42s e31d46m53s wgs84 yet actually unmarked & indeed generally ignored because the monument as a whole is so overwhelming topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/N-36-136.jpg detailed photo of exact albeit usually overlooked tripoint location in the middle of the pedestal plaza is at bottom of this page http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point-point/677/<http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point-point/677/match=byruua> photo below http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/bordersBRU.htm belize guatemala honduras 081 bzgthn notional tricountry conjunction of indefinite territorial seas since breakup of federation of central america in 1843 albeit as gbgthn til independence of belize in 1981 situated however vaguely in gulf of honduras perhaps since gbgt treaty of 1859 & much less vaguely since gthn award of 1933 & moreover partly negotiated in 2002 yet still only a hypothetical equidistant tripoint today at roughly n15d55m12s w88d10m48s per vliz approx location on zoomable satpic map http://tinyurl.com/22lked4 ibs 8 157 belize guatemala mexico 082 bzgtmx notional tricountry point reaching present form in 1981 on independence of belize established as gbgtmx by 1893 gbmx agreement pursuant to 1882 gtmx & 1859 gbgt accords & first demarcated tho only bilaterally & a bit imperfectly by 1899 gtmx terminal monument number 107 named vertice aguas turbias which stands in roughly n17d48m56s w89d9m7s wgs84 at intersecting gtmx & bzmx sight lines today but corrected & redemarcated by 2002 bzgt commission albeit still only provisionally at a position some 200m due east of first marker & thus at roughly w89d9m0s wgs84 where it was accepted by mx yet has still not been finally agreed by bz & gt because the later more easterly position as indicated on this zoomable satpic map http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl&q=17.81556%2C%20-89.15 involved a concession of historical error & appeared fully agreeable it seems likely to become formally adopted but the bzgt dispute as a whole was last reported on its way to the icj in 2008 subject to parliamentary & popular approvals before drifting into obscurity again as ever news update march 2010 http://www.amandala.com.bz/index.php?id=9627 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--e16-3.html photo of 1899 marker http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXB60vezmy4&feature=youtube_gdata http://www.asociacionbalam.org/galeria_situacion.html ibs 8 159 161 cambodia kh central african republic with congo democratic kinshasa & congo brazzaville 083 cdcfcg tricountry conjunction since independence of car in 1960 first briefly as cdcffr succeeding binational colonial trijunction nominally situated on thalweg of ubangi river pursuant to befr agreements of 1894 & 1887 at confluence of gouga per french subdivisional boundary adjustment of 1942 in roughly 3n29 18e38 where it lies hypothetically opposite the center of the mouth of the gouga since the cfcg delimitation within that stream is indefinite moreover because the ubangi thalweg is variable & not readily identifiable the following downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--a34-01.html sensibly shows many islands in the ubangi including a tripoint island named *ile longue *as being divided rather than allocated ibs 109 127 145 central african republic with congo democratic & south sudan 084 cdcfss multicountry point at nile & bomu watershed divides emerging from triple frontier of separation circa 1890 but fully agreed by 1899 first as befrgb & on independence of egypt in 1922 as beegfrgb quadricountry trijunction til becoming simply befrsd in 1956 upon independence of sudan & briefly cdfrsd on way to cdcfsd in 1960 & present form in 2011 marked in 1924 by monumental rock heap attested by colonial agreements to be located at n5d1m10s e27d26m37s in an unknown datum & actually at n5d1m13s55h e27d27m12s50h wgs84 per aerial photo classic & indeed only known photo at bottom here http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point/8329/ topos http://tinyurl.com/yb9833f & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/39272086/item/933048910/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc ibs 16 106 109 congo democratic with rwanda & uganda 085 cdrwug triple frontier of separation from perhaps 1885 variously allocated during 1890s & 1900s & ultimately winnowed by 1910 bedegb accord to tricountry point at summit of mount sabinyo elev3634m in roughly s1d23m16s e29d35m30s where it was confirmed with bilateral delimitations completed in 1915 only to be reduced to a binational tricolonial point by anglo belgian invasion of german east africa in 1916 & ensuing redistributions until restored to tricountry status in 1960 as becdgb on independence of congo before transitioning in 1962 thru cdgbrw to present form on successive independences of rwanda & uganda but probably still unmonumented because numerous peak baggers have not reported seeing any markers in the mist video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iwfyc4H6Q8 topos http://www.informatics.org/gorilla/map1.jpg & http://tinyurl.com/ygq3mex & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1333285115/item/1013177137/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc photos http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/06/87/11/everybody-at-the-summit.jpg & http://www.jaimetraynor.ca/2010/12/29/mt-sabyinyo-hike/ ibs 52 54 108 [image: IMGP1539.JPG] congo democratic with south sudan & uganda 086 cdssug historically intermittent notional tricountry conjunction first as befrgb from perhaps 1894 to 1898 when reduced to begb binational administrative trijunction by french withdrawal from sudan but not identified with present location on nile congo watershed divide in roughly 3n29 30e52 until begb & british delimitations of 1913 & following tricountry resurrection to beeggb in 1922 upon independence of egypt & devolution to begbsd in 1956 on independence of sudan & to cdgbsd in 1960 on independence of congo & cdsdug in 1962 on independence of uganda on its way to present form in 2011 on independence of south sudan still not yet fixed with certainty today tho described in uganda constitution as a point about 300 meters south of the source of the river kaia topos http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/448742060/name/CDSDUG_UG_50k_11-2%20Koboko%2Ejpg & http://tinyurl.com/ydzp3yl neighborhood photos & other data http://www.kakwa.org/topography.pdf & http://www.kakwa.org/photos2.htm ibs 104 106 108 congo democratic with tanzania & zambia 087 cdtzzm intermittent tricountry area revived by independence of tanganyika in 1961 & reconfigured by zanzibar union in 1963 as cdgbtz til 1964 independence of zambia in direct succession to original bedegb triple frontier dating from late 1880s acknowledged by 1890 degb & 1894 begb accords before being reduced to binational tricolonial status by german losses of 1919 & today generally considered to lie on median line of lake tanganyika in roughly 8s12 30e46 at a precise position reportedly stipulated in unpublished if not also unratified 1989 cdzm accord but in any case aligned since 1894 with a certain lost cape akalunga possibly now called pungu of southern lake tanganyika on one side & on the other an uncertain point on north shore of lake mweru near pweto village & luvua river outlet american topo places tanganyika lakeshore village of moliro fully in congo http://www.lib.utexas<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet28-7th-ed.jpg> .edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet28-7th-ed.jpg<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet28-7th-ed.jpg> & soviet topo places it fully in zambia http://tinyurl.com/yb8bx4f as do local depictions http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1481643695/item/1195386113/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1481643695/item/650252557/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc while a 2009 report to national assembly of zambia asserts moliro is divided by an apparent cdzm demarcation & moreover aerial photography suggests natural bottleneck between neighboring portions of the moliro transborder community could indeed very effectively demark cdzm frontier at lakeshore in alignment with tip of cape whether formally demarcated or not ibs 44 51 cameroun with central african republic & congo 088 cfcgcm indefinite tricountry convergence since independence of all parties in 1960 succeeding french colonial administrative trijunction dating probably from 1926 complicated by anomalous island allocation butpresumably situated just below village of nyangoute car near tricountry game control hq per recent reports on lesser thalweg or if that is indiscernible then on lesser median of sangha river in roughly n2d12m59s e16d11m38s wgs84 based only on inconsistent map evidence in absence of cfcg demarcation downloadable topo correctly allocates island to cameroun per 1908 defr protocol http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--a33-17.html neighborhood photo http://picasaweb.google.com/Oscarpe44/Congo2007#5105983185233437218 ibs 107 110 145 cameroun central african republic chad 089 cfcmtd indefinite tricountry conjunction since independence of all parties in 1960 succeeding french administrative trijunction as adjusted in 1942 from prior location on the upper mayo senabou dating from 1914 based even today only on colonial map evidence & nominally or roughly located at n7d31m40s e15d29m40s per ibs but in any case situated on thalweg if discernible or else on median line of mbere river pursuant to 1908 defr protocol & likely coincident by chance or design with minor stream entering from opposite bank at sharp bend of river topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nb33-3.jpg better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--b33-04.html apparent location on zoomable satpic http://tinyurl.com/lfaagj within a few hundred meters of nominal location ibs 83 102 107 central african republic with sudan & south sudan 090 cfsdss westerly trijunction of south sudan with rump sudan created in july 2011 in tandem with etsdss below at original 1956 interregional position per 2005 peace treaty & 2011 referendum but gaps in historical map evidence leave location in doubt between earlier position at jebel mishmir in roughly 9n40 23e42 & later position as revised by northward transfer of kafia kingi district in 1960s on northeast shoulder of jebel aburasein in roughly 8n38 24e15 while present political & military realities seem to favor the latter probability respective downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--c34-4.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--c35-3.html locator map http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/txu-oclc-219400066-sudan_pol_2007.jpg central african republic chad sudan 091 cfsdtd indefinite tricountry conjunction initially as frsdtd since independence of chad in 1960 til reaching present form soon afterwards succeeding tricolonial administrative trijunction established evidently during the 1920s tho possibly not actually formalized til 1942 on median line more likely than thalweg of westward flowing headstream of the aoukale river apparently named toror exactly 1km east pursuant to 1924 frgb agreement tho actually east southeast of the easternmost point of lake tizi & thus in roughly 10n56 22e52 where it is believed to remain undemarcated topo http://tinyurl.com/y96g9kl better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c34-11.html ibs 15 16 83 cameroun congo gabon 092 cgcmga tricountry conjunction since independence of all parties in 1960 succeeding french & previously franco german administrative trijunction dating from 1910 probably fixed on thalweg of river ayina if discernible but otherwise on its median line at the designated intersection of n2d10m20s per 1908 defr accord inherited by cgcm & cmga tho the slightly later cgga convergent may not have been so carefully delimited & thus in roughly 13e18 but also placed explicitly by the ibs near marker 13 which tho unexplained is likely the original defr riparian witness mark & geodesic terminal pillar circa 1908 topo http://tinyurl.com/yae7a8w better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--a33-14.html ibs 110 115 chad td france germany switzerland 093 chdefr tricountry point on thalweg most likely of rhine since 1814 treaty of paris placed defr component thereon & where ibru today places chfr component also if without explanation in alignment with a pair of 1818 terminal markers which project chde geodesic component into river from the right bank zoomable topo http://www.swissgeo.ch/ photo of ceremonial monument with actual tripoint in river beyond far left http://travelguide.all-about-switzerland.info/basle/dreilandereck_9595.jpg & http://www.flickr.com/photos/28144711@N02/3830535979/in/photostream/ indicating tripoint position in roughly n47d35m23s e7d35m20s wgs84 in relation to monument spire ibs 11 france italy switzerland 094 chfrit present tricountry point established by 1815 congress of viennasucceeding various earlier frontiers & administrative divides at probably still unmarked ridge junction in elev3750m at roughly n45d55m22s e7d2m40s wgs84 about 70m below & 160m northwest of summit of mont dolent where it generally goes unnoticed by passing peak baggers as there are no known reports of deliberate tripoint visitation but for common misapprehension of summit as boundary conjunction zoomable topo http:[log in to unmask];893632 view from northwest squarely faces tripoint location at ridge junction directly below summit http://www.panoramio.com/photo/412125 ibs 4 11 12 [image: Dolent, from Grand Montets] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/412125.jpg> cote d ivoire with guinea & liberia 095 cignlr tricountry point since independence of guinea in 1958 initially as frgnlr til independence of cote d ivoire in 1960 succeeding binational tripoint established by french administrative division in 1893 following original 1892 frlr accord but evidently revised slightly in 1911 to northwesternmost source of nuon river on crest of nimba mountains in roughly n7d33m26s w8d28m14s wgs84 where it is reportedly marked by a concrete post which may be a 1929 frlr pillar topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nb29-3-2nd-ed.jpg newer & slightly different downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--b29-04.html & similarly http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/958004264/item/1892925610/view photo with tripoint on ridge at top center http://www.panoramio.com/photo/18775165 ibs 131 132 [image: The Old Nimba Mine] cote d ivoire with guinea & mali 096 cignml indefinite tricountry conjunction since independence of cote d ivoire in 1960 first briefly as cifrgn til independence of mali later in the year succeeding uncertain french colonial trijunction position dating evidently from 1899 administrative reorganization supposedly situated at source or headwaters of dougoulinfolo on baoule sankarani drainage divide in roughly n10d10m15s w7d58m40s per ibs but the trifinium appears on all known maps merely among the headwaters generally & within a few miles of the divide topos confirming approx geoposition but not stream head location http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nc29-7-2nd-ed.jpg & http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/507482510/name/CIGNML_NC-29-XVII_Tienko_1951%2Ejpg which being late french colonial is probably most authoritative another alternative position http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c29-17.html in downladable format ibs 171 cameroun with equatorial guinea & gabon 097 cmgagq indefinite former & present tricountry convergence originally as deesfr triple frontier from 1885 til delimitation as tripoint in 1908 & discontinuance in 1911 due to enlargement of kamerun restored to tricountry status on independence of cameroun in 1960 first as cmesfr before becoming cmesga later that year on way to present form in 1968 succeeding binational administrative trijunction established circa1925 at northeast corner of rio muni just south of kye ossi cm & just north of ebebiyin gq in very roughly n2d10m20s 11e20 where it is joined pursuant to the colonial delimitation by an indefinite segment of cmga projected from the confluence of the rivers kye & mvenou aka mvezeu lying some 3km to the east southeast *but notwithstanding & nevertheless* there are many clear indications including a 1974 presidential acknowledgment & subsequent maps that equatorial guinea has gained de facto a slight bulge extending eastward from ebebiyin to the kye as far north as the abovementioned confluence thus effectively displacing the trijunction eastward to the confluence area & diffusing it again into a triple frontier at around 11e22 in that case topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1573606049/item/1674790596/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & downloadable http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--a32-2.html but also http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/Guinee_CEP_2007.pdf at pp60ff photo of neighborhood of de jure gq corner point at kye ossi & sketch maps http://www.memoireonline.com/10/09/2854/m_La-contrebande-de-voitures-volees-entre-la-Gabon-le-Cameroun-et-la-Guinee-Equatoriale9.html & http://www.memoireonline.com/10/09/2854/m_La-contrebande-de-voitures-volees-entre-la-Gabon-le-Cameroun-et-la-Guinee-Equatoriale3.html photo of neighborhood of de facto trijunction near meyo kye gabon http://monefang.com/Photos/Images_Ambam/ambam_ekissoan.html ibs 115 [image: Meyo-Kye] cameroun chad nigeria 098 cmngtd former & present tricountry conjunction dating from 1891 as defrgb triple frontier of separation eventually winnowed per 1906 frgb & 1908 defr accords to notional tripoint & situated roughly as at present on then still lacustrine but now dry matted bed of southern lake chad before being reduced by german departure in 1916 to a binational administrative trijunction yet revived reconfigured & refined as a tricountry point in 1960 by decolonization of all its by then slightly altered parts after being redelimited in the interim as well as definitely fixed by 1931 frgb agreement at 13n5 14e5 albeit without regard to datum downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d33-27.html sketch map illustrating historical quadripoint & territorial divide with reconfigured trijunction http://unimaps.com/cameroon1914/ ibs 90 92 102 china india myanmar 099 cninmm ancient multiple frontier of separation in remote eastern himalayas emerging as distinct tricountry conjunction since independence of india in 1947 as cngbin til burma independence in 1948 situated de facto at or near east end of historic mcmahon line & present line of actual controlat ridge junction where irrawaddy & two brahmaputra watersheds divide just above & north of diphu la pass but while the position also fits in with 1960 cnmm & 1967 inmm delimitations disputed by china nevertheless which claims arunachal pradesh state of india in its entirety & thus a trijunction position hundreds of km to the southwest however unrealistically downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h47-32.html places effective trijunction position as described in roughly 28n13 97e21 ibs 42 80 china india nepal east 100 cninnpe ancient triple frontier of separation in remotest himalayas sharply narrowed while still cngbnp by 1817 gbnp & 1890 cngb accords & after reaching present form upon independence of india in 1947 by 1960 cnnp accord as well which affixed it to the probably still unmarked summit point of jongsang peak in roughly 27n53 88e8 at elev7463m where it serves as the highest tricountry point in the world as well as the most agreeable of the 6 cnin trijunctions topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/txu-oclc-6614190-ng45-3-cop.2.jpg better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--g45-05.html photo http://www.flickr.com/photos/16366828@N07/3486615663/ expedition to both cninnp tripoints now afoot http://www.katjastaartjes.nl/uk/expeditions/nepal-traverse-2011/plan-nepal-traverse/ ibs 50 [image: Jongsong Peak 7463m and Kangchenjunga by John Town.] china india nepal west 101 cninnpw ancient multiple frontier of separation in remote himalayas substantially reduced by 1816 gbnp accord & after reaching present composition on independence of india in 1947 narrowed further by 1960 cnnp agreement to watershed divide between mapchu & kali river & its tinkar tributary but in the absence of any cnin agreement westward of nepal & in the presence of longstanding confusion about river names & true headstreams the location of the tricountry point is still subject to differing interpretations while an unmarked ridge junction directly above & south of lipu lekh pass in roughly 30n12 81e02 has been maintained de facto by india since 1962 & informally acknowledged by china tho rejected by nepal which claims an additional triangular territory bounded by the kiti aka mahakali or greater kali river & extending as far west as limpiyadhura pass in roughly 30n28 80e35 downloadable topo showing de facto tripoint http://en.poehali.org/maps/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h44-16.html> 200k--h44-16.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h44-16.html> map of nepalese claim http://bordernepal.wordpress.com/2009/02/07/map-of-kalapani-limpiyadhura/ prospectus of current maiden expedition to both cninnp trijunctions http://www.katjastaartjes.nl/uk/expeditions/nepal-traverse-2011/plan-nepal-traverse/ photo of lipu lekh pass with de facto trijunction at elevation to its south http://www.panoramio.com/photo/23465216 ibs 50 [image: 0189 Lipulekh Pass,. One of Highest point Day 21 morning] china india pakistan 102 cninpk tho karakoram pass has been provisionally agreed by china & pakistan in 1963 & is often misconstrued as de facto triple frontier arising from partition of india in 1947 nevertheless the actual limit of indian control on the karakoram ridge beyond the cease fire line & stipulated loc of 1972 is today per indian intelligence some 100km northwest at or near sia kangri peak just above & west of indira col & siachen glacier ambivalent locator map by cia http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kashmir_disputed_2003.jpg correct & unambiguous multicolor schematic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Kashmir_Standoff_2003.png downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--i43-022.html indicating the above stated de facto limit is located in roughly 35n40 76e46 photo of peak http://farm1.static.flickr.com/221/514659304_f4055f42f8.jpg ibs 17 86 china kazakhstan kyrgyzstan 103 cnkgkz tricountry point since independence of kyrgyzstan in 1991 succeeding binational tripoint created in 1936 when administrative partition of soviet union attached it to a ridge junction & secondary peak of khan tengri evidently called shater at elev6637m in roughly 42n13 80e15 where it is probably still unmarked today some 5km east of primary summit point which rises several hundred meters higher downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k44-065.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k44-065-2.html photo http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.<http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/img/kazakhstan/mountains/khan_tengri/2.jpg> com/img/kazakhstan/mountains/<http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/img/kazakhstan/mountains/khan_tengri/2.jpg> khan_tengri/2.jpg<http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/img/kazakhstan/mountains/khan_tengri/2.jpg> <http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/img/kazakhstan/mountains/khan_tengri/2.jpg>ibs 64 china kyrgyzstan tajikistan 104 cnkgtj tricountry point since independence of kyrgyzstan in 1991 succeeding binational tripoint created in 1924 when administrative partition of soviet union attached it to summit of zarya vostoka in elev6350m at roughly 39n28 73e39 where it was reportedly reaffirmed in 2000 & first visited then as well & is probably still unmarked today topos http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/tajikistan/100k/10-43-016.jpg & http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--j43-016-3.html photos from south & north respectively http://www.mountain.ru/mkk/biblio/pamir/Novik2000/irkish3.jpg & http://www.panoramio.com/photo/4875839 ibs 64 [image: ледник Кызылсу]<http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/4875839.jpg> <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/4875839.jpg> china with north korea & russia 105 cnkpru tricountry conjunction in tumen river de facto from about 1860 when first partly agreed & marked but displaced in 1886 about 10km southeastward or downriver to present general location in roughly 42n25 130e38 where it was trilaterally acknowledged at least implicity by around 1888 & after being suspended by japanese conquests in both korea & china between 1905 & 1945 substantially shaped since 1985 by a series of bilateral & trilateral agreements & demarcations into the form of a condominial *triline* spanning the left half of the ambulant water space of the river between remote monuments some 400 meters above friendship bridge tho the exact location remains uncertain if not actively disputed because the river is so variable & the markers & documentation elusive recent visitation report with presentation of collected findings maps photos & diligent hypotheses http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/cnkpru/index.htm area photo http://english.jl.gov.cn/Travel/Attractions/YanBian/201104/t20110418_977706.html easternmost tricountry conjunction in the world ibs 17 59 64 china kazakhstan russia 106 cnkzru tricountry point since kazakh independence in 1991 succeeding binational tripoint created in 1936 by soviet administrative partition at nameless probably unmarked ridge junction elev3424m in roughly 49n7 87e17 topo http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Rusko-Russia/Altaj/Topo_maps_200k/M-45/M-45-XXVIII.jpg better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m45-103-4.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m45-103-4.html>s/050k--m45-103-4.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m45-103-4.html> ibs 64 <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m45-103-4.html> china laos myanmar 107 cnlamm ancient triple frontier of separation distilled to tricountry point in mid 1890s initially as cnfrgb & having reached its present political format in 1953 upon decolonizations slightly adjusted by tripartite agreement in 1994 to thalweg junction of mekong & nan la ho in roughly n21d33m49s e108d8m38s wgs84 where it is aligned at stipulated azimuths & distances with direct cnla pillar 45 on left bank & indirect cnmm pillar 245 on right bank topo showing tripoint at lower left http://www.nexus.net/~911gfx/vietnam/maps/nf47-12/nf47_12c.html better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f47-24.html boundary brief https://www.menas.co.uk/documents/MB_The_Land_Boundaries_of_Burma_(Myanmar).pdf comparison of the above topos with recent aerial photography suggests the mouth of the tributary may actually have migrated southward toward the previously established tripoint location at the foot of the adjacent watershed divide & that the cnla boundary may thus not actually have been displaced at all northward to meet the nan la ho ibs 33 34 42 china laos vietnam 108 cnlavn ancient triple frontier of separation overridden by french conquest in late 19th century & pursuant to 1895 cnfr accord & lavn agreements dating from 17th century or earlier finally reduced in 1930 by french colonial partition to a binational administrative tripoint at summit of shiceng dashan aka khouang lashan mountain elev1853m in roughly n22d24m1s e102d8m38s wgs84 where it was restored to tricountry status in 1945 by independence of vietnam & laos & received its first tripartite marker in 2005 but full agreement only in 2006 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f48-13.html photo http://english.pladaily.com.cn/site2/news-channels/2006-05/24/content_482343.htm ibs 34 35 38 china mongolia russia east 109 cnmnrue tricountry conjunction traceable to mongolian declaration of independence in 1911 which was opposed by china until 1945 or 1960 & compromised during that period by the soviet union also likely assigned to present location albeit only as a binational tripoint by 1915 cnru delimitation of autonomous but still chinese suzerain outer mongolia & possibly first acknowledged as tricountry point in the form of jpmnsu by 1940 jpmn demarcation but not recognized by china until cnmn accord of 1962 & demarcation of 1964 tho present marker in roughly n49d50m44s2t e116d42m50s5t wgs84 erected in 1993 & elevated above salt marsh on stiltsis first tripartite marker downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--m50-078.html photo http://www.photofans.cn/uploads200206/20020817050636018.jpg ibs 64 173 * * * * * china mongolia russia west * * 110 cnmnruw tricountry conjunction in development since mongolian declaration of independence in 1911 which was opposed by china until 1945 if not 1960 & compromised during that period by the soviet union as well probably first assigned to present location at nairamdal or friendship peak ridge junction & minor summit of tavanbogd massif in elev4082m at roughly 49n10 87e48 as a binational tripoint by 1915 cnru delimitation of autonomous but still chinese suzerain outer mongolia & after considerable disputation first acknowledged there as a tricountry point by cnmn accord of 1962 which was followed by a general demarcation but this remote tripoint is likely still unmarked today * topo http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Rusko-Russia/Altaj/Topo_maps_200k/M-45/M-45-XXVIII.jpg better downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--m45-104.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m45-104-2.html photos & reports of recent visit tries http://aaj.americanalpineclub. org/climbs-and-expeditions/asia/russia/2010-altai-taban-bogdo-range-by/ & http://www.eagleskiclub.org.uk/gallery/esc-mongolia-altai-expedition-may-2011?page=1 ibs 64 173 [image: text for slideshow] [image: text for slideshow] colombia ecuador peru 111 coecpe multiple frontier of separation in remote upper amazon from early postcolonial times long subject to various conflicting claims & military actions & abortive resolutions yet reduced to an apparent territorial trijunction only since 1899 on conventional maps & tho conflict continued intermittently til 1998 actually settled & fixed in 1942 by rio protocol on thalweg of rio putumayo opposite center hypothetically of mouth of rio gueppi in roughly s0d6m50s w75d15m28s wgs84 where it is witnessed by 1999 ecpe reference marker 206 pursuant to original 1942 witness monument aka hito boca gueppi sketch map http://www.congreso.gob.pe/biblio/libros/libro1/2avolum/01/map2.jpg & photos of neighborhood & hito http://miwebdemo.netii.net/ ibs 172 [image: Fuerte Guepi en Perú] croatia hr czech republic with germany & poland 112 czdepl tricountry point with present political composition since breakup of czechoslovakia in 1993 at present location in roughly n50d52m14s e14d49m24s wgs84 since 1945 potsdam conference moved it some 280km northwestward from original 1919 position along inherited hapsburg & earlier bohemian frontier where it is situated at median junction of lusatian neisse & obliquely convergent lubota aka oldrichovsky brook & thus perpendicularly opposite center of tributary mouth a geometrical relationship evidently overlooked by a projected monumental encirclement http://www.flickr.<http://www.flickr.com/photos/54128956@N00/4133542047/sizes/l/in/pool-632069@N23/> com/photos/54128956@N00/<http://www.flickr.com/photos/54128956@N00/4133542047/sizes/l/in/pool-632069@N23/> 4133542047/sizes/l/in/pool-<http://www.flickr.com/photos/54128956@N00/4133542047/sizes/l/in/pool-632069@N23/> 632069@N23/<http://www.flickr.com/photos/54128956@N00/4133542047/sizes/l/in/pool-632069@N23/> which may therefore encourage eccentric amphibious visitation downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m33-042-2.html recent photo of renovation in progress or as suspended http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trojmez%C3%AD_Hrádek_nad_Nisou.jpg<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trojmez%C3%AD_Hr%C3%A1dek_nad_Nisou.jpg> [image: File:Trojmezí Hrádek nad Nisou.jpg] [image: Obrazek] czech republic with poland & slovakia 113 czplsk tricountry point since breakup of czechoslovakia in 1993 succeeding binational tripoint created by partition of teschen silesia in 1920 between poland & czech moravia first marked directly in 2007 by low obeliskoid pillar in mostly dry creek bed at roughly n49d31m2s e18d51m4s wgs84 precisely spaced between 3 much larger & quite remote but matching reference obeliskoids photos http://www.flickr.com/photos/10375452@N00/2937957536/in/set-72157607982261910/ & detail http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1253/1217080796_010cc63e62_m.jpg downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--m34-086-2.html [image: CZPLSK by krasnalpl.] france germany luxembourg 114 defrlu tricountry conjunction since creation of prusso dutch condominium in 1815 revised politically by independence of belgium from netherlands in 1830 & of luxembourg from belgium in 1839 as well as by unification of germany in 1871 having the form of a demarcated riverine condominial *triline *traversing the right or eastern half of the main channel of the moselle river & a lock island & side channel situated in very roughly n49d28m10s e6d22m5s wgs84 having been reaffirmed & clarified by 1984 delu agreement topo & photos with elucidation http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersFGL.htm djibouti eritrea ethiopia 115 djeret late 19th century triple frontier of separation in remote badlands initially as etfrit distilled to notional tripoint 60km from seacoast by 1908 etit accord pursuant to 1901 frit delimitation but reduced to binational status in 1935 by italian conquest of ethiopia til resurrected as etfrgb in 1941 by british seizure of eritrea & liberation of ethiopia til reduced again in 1952 by confederation of ethiopia with eritrea til resurrected again after djibouti independence in 1977 by independence of eritrea in 1993 when present political format was finally reached tho not before the location had become loosely assimilated with 1954 etfr pillar 90 on the summit of musa ali where virtual demarcation by eebc in 2007 finally fixed it as a definite tripoint at elev2021m in n12d28m7s1t e42d24m15s4t eebd2002 datum topo http://bit.ly/8oDTim better downloadable topo http://bit.ly/4WIP6I photos http://bit.ly/65QIjT <http://bit.ly/65QIjT>ibs 154 djibouti eritrea yemen 116 djerye notional maritime tricountry conjunction depending on uncertain extent of territorial sea claims during various periods but possibly dating from 1901 frit land boundary delimitation & if so then initially as frittr but devolving repeatedly thru numerous liberations conquests & unions to present political format in 1993 & assuming equitable allocation of the dumeira islands long in dispute between djibouti & eritrea & now under qatari mediation a hypothetical equidistant tripoint in the bab al mandab at roughly 12n46 43e17 tho vliz indicates the position at approx n12d41m24s e43d16m12s for reasons unknown while the 1999 erye agreement ends at n12d54m23s e43d13m58s or well short of the disputable area downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d38-26.html alternative locator maps http://tinyurl.com/mrfsrw or perhaps http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound/geointerface.php?line_id=420 djibouti ethiopia somalia 117 djetso triple frontier of separation in remote badlands emerging as notional tripoint perhaps as early as 1888 per frgb accord whether as frgbit at first or etfrgb being debatable but precipitated by 1897 etgb & etfr agreements to a definite tricountry point atop madaha djalelo hill elev492m at roughly n10d59m50s e42d58m3s wgs84 in detached somaliland today where it was first marked by a 1934 etgb pillar with french concurrence & then reconstituted or restored as frgbit by italian reinvasion of ethiopia in 1935 & also briefly reduced from tricountry status by italian invasion of somaliland as well in 1940 til fully restored by british military action in 1941 & redemarcated by 1953 etfr primary monument number 1 before devolving to etfrso in 1960 upon somalian independences & confederation & reaching present nominal format upon djibouti independence in 1977 topos http://tinyurl.com/y8je6hh & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1699662528/item/477799261/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c38-07.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c38-07.html>s/200k--c38-07.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c38-07.html> ibs 87 153 154 <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c38-07.html> algeria libya niger 118 dzlyne tricountry conjunction however elusive since independence of niger in 1960 as frlyne til algerian independence in 1962 inheriting binational administrative trijunction created in the 1920s by french mapping at an uncertain point of the 1919 frit boundary on the ridge of garet derouel el djemel & tho identified in the 1950s also by french mapping as an astronomical point of elevation 1010m upon that ridge which was determined & reported per ibs at n23d30m54s e11d59m54s6t nevertheless after decades of doubt & confusion placed squarely at 23n30 e12 by 1985 & later soviet topos likely for good reason neighborhood pix http://www.solarpapst.de/sahara/seite%201.htm downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f32-06.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f33-01.html ibs 1 2 99 algeria libya tunisia 119 dzlytn tricountry conjunction since independence of tunisia in 1956 as frlytn til independence of algeria in 1962 succeeding frit & earlier frtr binational administrative trijunction shown on maps since 1841 in various locations & first actually fixed in 1911 pursuant to frtr delimitations of 1886 & 1910 at 1911 frtr pillar 220 per french executive decision however compromised after 1923 by inconsistent french military mapping but following other occupations & liberations displaced a few hundred meters westward & demarcated anew there by 1970 dztn pillar 1 at roughly n30d13m45s e9d33m34s wgs84 judging from aerial photo partial topos http://www.ml-datos.com/4/ficheros/mapas/Tunez%201-200.000/BORJ%20EL%20KHADRA.jpg & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/2020814294/item/1389615259/view downloadable topo of entire trijunction area http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h32-16.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h32-16.html>s/200k--h32-16.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h32-16.html> ibs 1 121 <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--h32-16.html> algeria mauritania morocco 120 dzmamr uncertain tricountry conjunction since independence of mauritania in 1960 as frmamr til independence of algeria in 1962 succeeding binational administrative trijunction established in principle by french executive decision in 1911 pursuant to 1905 military decision & 1904 esfr accord & *tho probably unmarked* said to be situated on north bank of a wadi in 8w40 & at n27d17m40s per ibs while subsequent soviet mapping repeatedly shows the position in roughly n27d21m45s & far from any wadi ibs map http://tinyurl.com/yd5w3um older american topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-06.jpg newer downloadable soviet topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--g29-04.html & the sheet to its south http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--g29-10.html confirm the specified wadi at the coordinates given by the ibs while the difference of opinion about the tripoint position is traceable to variations in french colonial mapping mauritanian topo http://nae81g.blu.livefilestore.com/y1puTKdCPuJyVn0lf38fmTQpEscoMSiIUMGgo0sLhsbkq7VotSpUJnvxQRZOy0PhnpO_-isHhJkJeKrw0ztfboefHBwGPJaD_zc/Oued%20El%20Hamra.jpg ibs 84 88 149 algeria mali mauritania 121 dzmlmr unmarked rather indefinite tricountry conjunction since independence of mauritania in 1960 as frmlmr til independence of algeria in 1962 succeeding french colonial administrative trijunction in present approximate location since 1944 where oblique southern boundary of algeria dating from 1905 crosses n25 as reaffirmed by 1963 mlmr agreement & thus at 4w50 per ibs & brownlie but shown by later soviet mapping at about w4d48m40s & by later malian mapping at about w4d49m50s downloadable soviet topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--g30-26.html & others suggest the difference of opinion here is consistent with that described at dzmamr above ibs 23 88 96 algeria mali niger 122 dzmlne uncertain tricountry conjunction since independence of mali in 1960 as frmlne til independence of algeria in 1962 succeeding french colonial administrative trijunction dating from 1909 at a position on the tamesna plateau said by french authorities in 1944 to be situated in 19n12 4e16 & still not fixed with certainty today but placed by the ibs at n19d8m30s e4d14m30s citing ign mapping & shown by later soviet mapping at more nearly 19n8 4e15 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e31-11.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e31-11.html>s/200k--e31-11.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e31-11.html> ibs 96 99 150 estonia latvia russia 123 eelvru historical tricountry point restored since independence of estonia in 1991 inheriting soviet republican tripoint devolved in 1945 from original eelvru tricountry conjunction which first arose with latvian independence in 1920 & survived til world war ii on median line of pededze river about 90 meters above laikupe confluence whither it was apparently displaced from confluence in late 20th century in roughly n57d31m6s e27d21m5s wgs84 where it is witnessed from the west bank by eelv marker number 46plus1379 aligned with lvru convergent entering river quite obliquely on a bearing of about n40e downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--o35-091-2.html photo http://freepages.misc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hughwallis/Baltics/images/DSCN2545.JPG with exact tripoint position probably just off frame at left<http://m02.mapstor.com/p_getfile.php?m=o35/050k/050k--o35-091-2.gif&up=1252883325> photo of previous location on top of page 8 here http://www.rs.gov.lv/doc_upl/01%20Robezsardzes%20izveidosana%201919-1940.pdf egypt israel jordan 124 egiljo tricountry conjunction in gulf of aqaba since independence of jordan in 1946 initially as eggbjo til independence of israel in 1948 distilled to hypothetical equidistant maritime tripoint in 1996 at iljo terminal point mb3 which is recorded as n29d27m12s1667 e34d55m16s3595 in a specially created datum tho the location is still subject to egyptian concurrence to download jordanian topo http://gaialab.asu.edu/Jordan/# click on topo maps at left & select southwesternmost index quad locator map http://tinyurl.com/yfyylxb ibs 46 egypt jordan saudi arabia 125 egjosa tricountry conjunction in gulf of aqaba since independence of egypt in 1922 initially as eggbsa til independence of jordan in 1946 still only a hypothetical equidistant tripoint at roughly 29n23 34e52 per jordanian mapping to download jordanian topo http://gaialab.asu.edu/Jordan/# click on topo maps at left & select southwesternmost index quad locator map http://tinyurl.com/yes4gor ibs 60 egypt libya sudan 126 eglysd tricountry conjunction at present general location since 1925 egit accord pursuant to 1899 eggb agreement but reconfigured in 1934 by transfer of adjacent sarra triangle from sudan to libya per eggbit agreement which also trilaterally confirmed tripoint location at precisely n22 e25 albeit in no particular datum & having devolved to eggbly on independence of libya in 1951 & to present form on independence of sudan in 1956 apparently still unmarked at still slightly indefinite location on steep nw shoulder of mt uweinat in elev roughly 800m four downloadable topos needed for this rare common corner http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f35-13.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f35-14.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f35-19.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f35-20.html neighborhood photos http://confluence.org/confluence.php?lat=22&lon=25 <http://confluence.org/confluence.php?lat=22&lon=25>ibs 10 18 61 [image: Another non-view to the South.] el salvador sv equatorial guinea gq eritrea ethiopia sudan 127 eretsd triple frontier of increasing contact from 1890 initially as etitsd but as etgbit after 1898 & as egetgbit quadricountry trijunction after independence of egypt in 1922 first demarcated as tripoint by iron post erected on north bank of river setit at sharp bend opposite mouth of khor royan by 1903 gbit commission in roughly n14d15m28s e36d33m37s wgs84 & after various devolutions by reduction & liberation beginning with italian invasion of ethiopia in 1935 & including the loss of quadricountry status upon sudan independence in 1956 & emergence in present form upon eritrean independence in 1993 essentially reaffirmed at the original location by the eebc virtual demarcation of 2007 tho the original marker was reportedly not recovered by the commission presumptive position indicated on zoomable satpic by green arrowhead http://bit.ly/6E6nIT slightly mistaken topo http://bit.ly/6HfU1h tho perhaps the most accurate available while the eebc virtual demarcation map remains unpublished ethiopia kenya somalia 128 etkeso tricountry point since jubaland cession from britain to italy in 1925 tho geographically impossible conception delayed actual positioning til 1927 initially as etgbit & after suspension in 1935 by italian occupation of ethiopia restored as etgbit in 1941 til somalian independence in 1960 reformed it briefly as etgbso on way to present form upon kenyan independence in 1963 all while situated on thalweg of dawa river pursuant to 1907 etgb accord & by later descriptions about 450 meters above landing & ford at malca rie somalia & 650 meters nw of 1925 police post on mandera dolo road & thus in roughly n3d58m57s e41d54m24s wgs84 as projected by demarcation bearing of about n35e from 1930 gbit primary beacon 1 which is believed to be standing on right bank at end of old cut lane still visible in aerial photo downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--a37-06.html & others such as http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/1280016248/name/ETKSEO_100k_KE%2Ejpg appear to indicate tripoint a few hundred meters too far upstream or sw of measured reconstructed position indicated on this zoomable photo map http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=3.98268,41.90687&z=20&t=H&marker0=3.91667%2C41.83333%2CMandera&marker1=3.98268%2C41.90687%2C3%3A58%3A57.66%5C%2C%2041%3A54%3A24.74%20 better topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/2081943860/item/1186818056/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc & http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1643786839/item/51485158/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc neighborhood photo with tripoint probably near horizon at far right http://oddur.com/images/somalia/somalia_250x251.jpg ibs 134 152 153 ethiopia & kenya with south sudan 129 etkess elusive tricountry conjunction since egyptian independence in 1922 as egetgb til italian occupation of ethiopia made it egitgb from 1935 to 1941 but then restored as egetgb til sudan independence in 1956 changed it to etgbsd & kenyan independence in 1963 brought it to etkesd en route to its present format in 2011 upon south sudan independence while its location too was slightly yet indefinitely adjusted by successive etke modifications of 1970 & 1963 upon equally indefinite 1947 & 1907 etgb agreements & tho an official position has still not yet been fixed with certainty nevertheless the trijunction de jure is probably at or near 1970 etke pillar d23 on relict shoreline of former sanderson gulf of lake turkana aka rudolf & reportedly near a water tower & about 200 meters south of the southeast end of an unconfirmed feature possibly of low sand hills named okolon ridge & arguably in very roughly n4d37m45s e35d57m5s *while the de facto position* may be as stated in 2002 kenya draft constitution at 5n25 & 35e18 or about 10km ssw of mount naita by most extreme reckoning but apparently in the absence of regular patrols topos for de jure position http://tinyurl.com/yjkqq9d & http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Afrika-Africa/Sudan-Etiopie_100k/jpeg_files/02-36-36.jpg & http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/1983353990/name/ETKESD_100k_KE_004a%2Ejpg & for probably overstated de facto position http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--b36-24.html kenyan description & one possible de facto position at p224f here http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/Reports/LawsandConventions/Kenya_Proposed_Constitution_Rejected_at_Referendum_27.11.2005.pdf or as shown here with northern kenya in light green http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilemi_triangle_map.PNG ibs 152 ethiopia & sudan with south sudan 130 etsdss easterly trijunction of south sudan with rump sudan created by south sudan independence in tandem with cfsdss above in july 2011 subject to confirmation by local popular consultation per 2005 peace treaty but due to later military activity now evidently situated de facto at or near 9n30 34e5 topo http://www.cde.unibe.ch/tools/sudan/mapshop/maps/south/suso_A_sbn_500k_A0_96dpi.pdf official explanation of popular consultation process http://www.sudanradio.org/damazine-workshop-explains-popular-consultation-process finland norway russia 131 finoru tricountry point originally in the form of finosu since moscow armistice of 1944 returned petsamo district from finland to the soviet union with trifinial configuration altered in 1947 by additional transfer of adjacent rayakoski parcel but fully normalized between 1945 & 1953 by various trilateral protocols elevating binational administrative tripoint of finnish norwegian & russian sami communes first marked in 1846 when norway was in sweden & finland was in russia by a cairn likely a russian finland archangel marker numbered 94 that is maintained in the present demarcation atop krokfjellet aka muotkavaara hill at elev145m in roughly n69d3m6s5 e28d55m44s5 wgs84 where it reached present political form on fall of soviet union in 1991 before being capped by tripartite pyramid whose apex few have dared to reach downloadable topo showing original firu alignment as dashed line http://en.poehali.org/ <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--r35-106-3_4.html> maps/050k--r35-106-3_4.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--r35-106-3_4.html> <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--r35-106-3_4.html>photo below http://www.himmelstigen.no/treriksroysa.jpg winter views & other findings http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/finoru.htm rare & courageous walkabout video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBH4srOooZs ibs 24 74 finland norway sweden 132 finose historically intermittent & geographically shifty tricountry conjunction winnowed from 18th century multiple frontier of contact in 1809 as dkruse when first approximately fixed at present location very near variable & marshy southeast shore of lake goldajarvi at the intersection of its eastward thalweg with the sight line between primary cairns 293 & 294 of original 1751 nose alignment as demarked in 1760 but summarily reduced to binational trijunction ruse2finose by 1814 cession of norway to sweden by denmark & only after exact geographical determination & initial demarcation in 1897 by noru cairn with concurrence by sweden in 1901 resurrected no less abruptly to tricountry status by independence of norway from sweden in 1905 albeit as noruse til independence of finland from russia in 1917 & then redemarcated if not simply mortared over in 1926 on its way to becoming the focal point of an artificial sometime island surrounded by boardwalk access & promenade at elev495m in roughly n69d3m35s e20d33m10s wgs84 atop a rather portly & rotund but tapered concrete pedestal & protruding crown or core marker all together suggestive of a compact yellow submarine in a dock while actually the northernmost tricountry point in the world downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--r34-101_102.html photos http://www.karesuando.se/kdo/treriksroset/roset2.jpg & http://www.utsidan.se/albums/viewpic.htm?ID=38417 germany de guinea conakry with guinea bissau & senegal 133 gngwsn tricountry point since independence of guinea in 1958 initially as frgnpt becoming gnptsn in 1960 on way to present form in 1974 inheriting binational tricolonial point created in 1915 by french arrete which affixed it then to 1906 frpt pillar 58 in very roughly n12d40m30s w13d42m30s near the source of a left bank headstream of the kayanga geba named mambiasse topos http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1940145119/item/1900953922/view & http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19015881/1675563140/name/GNGWSN_200k_IGN_ND-28-V_Youkounkoun_Ed2_1972%2Ejpg better downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d28-29.html near margin & http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d28-4.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d28-4.html>ibs 95 141 142 guinea liberia sierra leone 134 gnlrsl triple frontier of increasing contact & contention as frgblr from perhaps early 1880s distilled to a series of indefinite tricountry conjunctions reaching present general location in 1911 from previous locations farther to the west & northwest at center of mouth of dundugbia stream & left or south bank of makona or moa river at or within 3 meters of1911 gblr pillar 1 & 1913 frgb cairn xvi in roughly n8d29m6s w10d16m43s & devolving with decolonizations to gbgnlr in 1958 & present format in 1961 topo http://w <http://goog_1252161402381> ww.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nc29-14-2nd-ed.jpg<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nc29-14-2nd-ed.jpg> possibly better downloadable topo showing slightly different position http://en.poehali. <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c29-32.html>org<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c29-32.html> /maps/200k--c29-32.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--c29-32.html> & likely still better http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1706571024/item/2139605966/view?picmode=large&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc ibs 129 131 136 guinea mali senegal 135 gnmlsn tricountry conjunction since collapse of mali federation in 1960 succeeding french colonial administrative trijunction dating from 1915situated where an unspecified feature of the balin ko river intersects the low crest line of the konkoniouma mountains in roughly 12n25 11w22 while a complete demarcation of mlsn is reportedly now in progress topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/west_africa/txu-oclc-6595921-nd29-13.jpg slightly better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d29-31.html ibs 95 151 el salvador guatemala honduras 136 gthnsv historically intermittent & geographically variable tricountry conjunction since 1821 when it briefly succeeded a spanish colonial administrative trijunction dating from 1786 before devolving thru a series of political unions disunions & reunions until restored to tricountry status most recently in 1922 & only thereafter fixed with certainty at summit of cerro montecristo by gthn arbitral tribunal of 1933 & trilateral protocol of 1936 & monumented in roughly n14d25m13s75 w89d21m21s35 wgs84 where it is overlooked by nearby observation tower rising from approx elev2418m downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-1.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-1.html>s/500k--d16-1.h<http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-1.html> tml <http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-1.html> photo http://1.bp.blogspot.<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EBaw0-ERyCw/RgAwfyP3GCI/AAAAAAAAACo/WrmGOUUlsMY/> com/_EBaw0-ERyCw/RgAwfyP3GCI/<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EBaw0-ERyCw/RgAwfyP3GCI/AAAAAAAAACo/WrmGOUUlsMY/> AAAAAAAAACo/WrmGOUUlsMY/<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EBaw0-ERyCw/RgAwfyP3GCI/AAAAAAAAACo/WrmGOUUlsMY/> video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NTNKc5IhHU&NR=1 westernmost tricountry point in the world ibs 82 157 el salvador honduras nicaragua east 137 hnnisve tricountry conjunction intermittently since 1821 interrupted by political unions of the parties comprising the smaller & inner of two areas of a tridominium in the gulf of fonseca affirmed by the central american court of justice in 1917 is situated in the central gulf around 13n10 87w35 & consists of perhaps 10 sq nm of shared internal waters the locations shapes & extent of both tridominial areas can be inferred from limits shown on first map of chapter iii & the last map here http://www.csj.gob.sv/BVirtual.nsf/0/4a166d4dc28958bb06256b3e00747ab4?OpenDocument photo of islas farallones in gulf directly between the 2 condominial areas http://www.panoramio.com/photo/15701243 <http://www.panoramio.com/photo/15701243>ibs 36 [image: Los Farallones] el salvador honduras nicaragua west 138 hnnisvw tricountry conjunction intermittently since 1821 interrupted by political unions of the parties comprising the larger & outer of the two areas of tridominium in the gulf of fonseca affirmed by the central american court of justice in 1917 consists of perhaps 20 sq nm of shared internal waters within the middle of the gulf mouth & projects outward from there into the pacific ocean an additional 160 sq nm of similarly shared territorial seas affirmed by an icj judgment in 1992 that adapted the original tridominium to unclos law downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-3.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d16-3.html>ibs 36 croatia hungary serbia 139 hrhurs tricountry conjunction de facto since independence of croatia in 1991 inheriting yugoslav interrepublican position dating from 1944 on thalweg presumably of danube in alignment with remote 1920 huyu markers 415 & 420 in roughly 45n54 18e49 but disputed by croatia because its prior cadastral territory extended some 6km farther east into serbia up to the canal beside huyu marker 465 downloadable topo showing marker positions http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l34-074.html photo of de facto viz serbian position http://www.mojdunav.com/?q=node/30 [image: Tromeđa] croatia hungary slovenia 140 hrhusi disputed tricountry conjunction since independence of slovenia in 1991 first briefly as husiyu inheriting yugoslav federal position dating from 1929 initially involving the banovinates of drava & sava & while soon to be resolved by arbitral tribunal the slovenian version in the river mura at its former thalweg junction with the river kerka in roughly 46n28 16e37 which appears to coincide with the transition point of 1920 huyu sectors a & b located between pillars a653 & b1 stands presently in contrast with the croatian version situated near huyu pillar a645 which is supported by the croatian cadastre & at least some official yugoslav era mapping the difference purportedly involving unlawful land transfers that occurred circa 1956 one zoomable slovenian topo ht <http://www.bioportal.si/hstroj/map.phtml> tp://www.bioportal.si/hstroj/map.phtml<http://www.bioportal.si/hstroj/map.phtml> now joined by recent revision suggesting territorial disconnection & triplication of the trijunction http://www.geoped0ia.si/#T105_x624104_y148508_s15_b4_vF<http://www.geopedia.si/#T105_x624104_y148508_s15_b4_vF> slovenian white paper http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/slovenia_SLO-white%20book-2006.pdf hungarian topo largely agrees http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/34745645/item/1761320167/view tho not quite exactly croatian topo shows alternative position http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/34745645/item/816636274/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc yugoslav topo in figure 2 here favors croatian position http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb3-1_blake.pdf photo of slovenian location at mura kerka confluence http://www.panoramio.com/photo/25511157 croatia italy slovenia 141 hritsi disputed tricountry maritime conjunction since independence of slovenia in 1991 first briefly as notional itsiyu tho without precedence because yugoslav interstate maritime limits did not exist situated de facto at around 45n33 13e19 but first partly negotiated in 2001 at roughly 45n31 13e19 & finally submitted to arbitral tribunal in 2009 <http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/103052.html> announcement of tribunal http://www.emportal.rs/en/<http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/103052.html> news/region/103052.html <http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/103052.html> <http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/103052.html>de facto & negotiated positions shown respectively in 2nd & 3rd maps here http://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/jil/jilp/articles/5-1_Cernic_Jernej_Letnar.pdf hungary romania serbia 142 hurors tricountry conjunction created ex novo by 1920 treaty of trianon at originally indefinte location first fixed in 1921 by multinational commission & then displaced apparently about 10km southwestward by 1923 royu protocol but in any case demarcated today by so called triplex confinium monument with detachable cap situated in roughly n46d7m35s e20d15m52s wgs84 & still maintained as pillar number 1 of both the huro & royu series photo http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/24320505.jpg downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--l34-065-4.html projected revision http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Fişier:Proiect_Parc_Industrial_Triplex_Confinium.JPG ibs 47 hungary romania ukraine 143 huroua tricountry conjunction originally cshuro created ex novo by trianon treaty of 1920 which envisioned it about 10km north of present location & then fixed at or near present location by international commissioners in 1921 before devolving to hurosu by transfer of carpathian rus from czechoslovakia to the soviet union in 1945 & to present form by independence of ukraine in 1991 probably at median junction of canalized main channel & natural side channel of the river tur in roughly n47d57m15s e22d53m45s wgs84 as witnessed by 1949 rosu & husu markers numbered 1 as well as an unknown huro marker topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/L-34-010.jpg neighborhood photo http://nicolette.dk/borderbase/tripoint.php?c1=65&c2=117&c3=144&orientation= ibs 43 47 76 [image: Border tripoint of Hungary, Romania and Ukraine] hungary slovakia ukraine 144 huskua tricountry point since 1945 cession of carpathian rus plus a bit of slovakia by czechoslovakia to the soviet union when its slightly indefinite location was designated apparently without precedence at the junction of a former channel & present channel of the tisza river most likely at the intersection of their median lines per article 30 of 1920 treaty of trianon since the river is not normally navigable here witnessed by skua marker pair 375 of inherited 1946 cssu demarcation & evidently also by huua & husk markers of unknown series in roughly n48d24m13s e22d9m18s wgs84 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/M-34-129.jpg photo http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersHSU.htm ibs 66 76 77 indonesia malaysia singapore east 145 idmysge tricountry conjunction in east singapore strait since independence of singapore in 1965 remains to be negotiated but should fall at roughly 1n16 104e7 based on extrapolations from existing agreements which terminate respectively at n1d23m54s e104d29m30s 1969idmy & n1d16m10s2 e104d2m 1974idsg & n1d17m21s3 e104d7m34s 1995mysg see also idmysgw below estimated position indicated by green arrowhead http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.2667,+104.1167&ie=UTF8&ll=1.279801,103.915558&spn=0.669995,0.888519&z=10 & note also that 2 still more easterly idmysg trijunction points that have been widely predicted or presumed to be negotiable in the vicinity of pedra branca light following the 2008 icj idmy judgment remain highly improbable eventualities ibs 45 & lis 50 60 indonesia malaysia singapore west 146 idmysgw tricountry conjunction in west singapore strait since independence of singapore in 1965 remains to be negotiated but should fall at roughly 1n11 103e32 based on extrapolations from existing agreements which terminate respectively at n1d15m0s e103d22m48s 1969idmy & n1d10m46s e103d34m approx 2009idsg & n1d15m51s e103d36m10s3 1995mysg estimated position indicated by green arrowhead http://maps.google.<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> c<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> om/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 18<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 33,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 2152<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 71,103.647766&spn=0.<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 670011,0.<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> 888519&z=10<http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=1.1833,+103.5333&ie=UTF8&ll=1.215271,103.647766&spn=0.670011,0.888519&z=10> ibs 45 & lis 50 60 israel jordan syria 147 iljosy delimited tricountry conjunction conformable with sykes picot frgb allocation of 1916 as demarcated & subdivided into jo&ps in 1922 since independence of jordan in 1946 initially as gbjosy til 1948 independence of israel but pushed incrementally by wars in 1948 & 1967 some 20km northeastward up the yarmouk river to what has remained since 1974 an undof buffered linear trijunction or triline a couple hundred meters in length spanning alpha & bravo lines at their southern extremities & place of narrowest separation centered at roughly n32d44m43s e35d45m29s wgs84 map http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/peacekeeping/Undof2006.gif topo http://www.mapi.gov.il/maps/100/tvr.jpg ibs 94 israel lebanon syria 148 illbsy delimited tricountry conjunction conformable with sykes picot frgb allocation of 1916 as subdivided into lb&sy in 1920 & demarcated in 1922 since independence of lebanon in 1943 initially as frgblb til becoming gblbsy in 1946 on way to present political format in 1948 as geographically reiterated by 1949 armistice but pushed by war in 1967 some 30km northeastward up the golan heights to what has remained since 1974 an undof buffered linear trijunction or triline along mount hermon ridge extending for about 15km in between alpha & bravo lines at their northern extremities & place of broadest separation centered in roughly 33n23 35e49 map http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/peacekeeping/Undof2006.gif downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--i36-096.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--i36-108.html ibs 75 iran iraq turkey 149 iqirtr tricountry conjunction in principle initially as gbirtr since abortive 1920 treaty of sevres if not several years earlier but ultimately adjudicated in 1925 to the location of 1914 gbir pillar numbered 125 over 12 situated pursuant to delimitation of 1913 constantinople protocol at source of hajji bak river which had til then separated the ottoman vilayets of mosul & van on kurdistan ridge in roughly 37n9 44e47 about 2km south of dolampar or dalamper summit where it was joined in 1926 by confirmational gbtr pillar 99 before devolving to present political form in 1932 on independence of iraq while adjacent irtr delimitation tho approximately established since 1639 actually followed this development in 1937 topo http://tinyurl.com/yllfpuy photo with tripoint at far left http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/16521036.jpg <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/16521036.jpg>ibs 27 28 164 [image: urmia _ Dalamper Mountain] iraq jordan saudi arabia 150 iqjosa tricountry conjunction since independence of iraq in 1932 initially as gbiqsa til independence of jordan in 1946 inheriting location first designated by 1922 iqsa accord & later confirmed by 1932 gbiq agreement at summit of jabal unayzah but evidently relocated by iqsa accord circa 1984 about 12km southwestward & possibly demarcated there at about n32d9m30s 39e12 topo depicts former position & includes present location http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/iraq/200k/I37_34.jpg map indicating positional change with dashed line http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iraq.gif to download jordanian map showing new location http://gaialab.asu.edu/Jordan/# click on topo maps at left & select wadi ghadir esh sheikh index quad just west of southeasternmost quad ibs 60 98 111 iraq jordan syria 151 iqjosy tricountry conjunction since independence of iraq in 1932 initially as frgbiq til 1946 when syria & jordan also gained independence inheriting location first provisionally & inadequately described in 1928 by a jordanian law conformable with 1916 sikes picot frgb allocation & subsequent refinements but not clearly delimited & agreed til 1932 gbiq accord by which it was defined as the point closest *viz perpendicular* to the summit of jebel tenf upon the 1931 frgb alignment between jebel romah & the minaret of abu kemal & while there is no known demarcation the ibs reckons the position down to the millisecond as n33d22m29s023 e38d47m33s212 without datum or explanation topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/iraq/200k/I37_21.jpg to download jordanian topo http://gaialab.asu.edu/Jordan/# click on topo maps at left & select northeasternmost index quad ibs 94 98 100 iraq kuwait saudi arabia 152 iqkwsa tricountry point since independence of iraq in 1932 initially as gbiqsa til independence of kuwait in 1961 succeeding binational quadripoint created by gbsa accord in 1922 together with adjacent iqsa neutral zone eliminated by 1991 agreement reducing the quadrijunction to an ordinary tripoint marked by 1993 iqkw pillar 1 & later iqsa pillar 1 on thalweg of wadi al batin in broad mouth of wadi al awja at n29d06m04s2128 e46d33m10s9431 wgs84 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.jpg> e <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.jpg> du:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.jpg> jp <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.jpg>g<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/kuwait/100k/H38-106.jpg> ibs 103 111 iraq syria turkey 153 iqsytr tricountry conjunction notional since 1920 conference of london if not earlier in the form of frgbtr adjudicated in 1925 & agreed in 1926if not also marked in 1927 before devolving to friqtr on independence of iraq in 1932 & to present form since independence of syria in 1946 save for brief intervals of political unions & military occupation evidently still ambulant at thalweg junction of rivers chabur & tigris in roughly 37n6 42e21 today topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/iraq/200k/J38_25.jpg better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-097.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-097.html>s/100k--j38-097.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-097.html> photo with trijunction in river near horizon http://www.panoramio.com/photo/7334027 ibs 27 100 163 [image: Tigre Frontière Irak - Syrie] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/7334027.jpg> kenya with south sudan & uganda 154 kessug tricountry conjunction since independence of uganda in 1962 first as gbsdug & on kenyan independence in 1963 as kesdug til reaching present format on independence of south sudan in 2011 inheriting british administrative trijunction fixed only approximately by 1926 order in council pursuant to original 1914 determination at a location stated as 4n13 e33d59m30 per ibs tho soviet topo shows latitude much closer to 4n14 & larger scale ugandan topo appears to place tripoint in n4d13m52s e33d59m19s wgs84 & kenyan topo appears to place it perhaps most credibly of all in n4d13m16s e33d59m34s wgs84 while commonly cited location given in 1967 & 1995 ugandan constitutions relative to mount urungo is quite erroneous questionable topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet20-7th-ed.jpg better downloadable topo does not agree exactly http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--b36-34.html nor does this apparently best available one http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/271364386/item/1369327291/view?picmode=large&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc ibs 104 139 kenya tanzania uganda 155 ketzug notional tricountry point in eastern lake victoria since independence of uganda in 1962 tho not in present political form til union of zanzibar & tanganyika in 1964 succeeding british colonial trijunction inherited in 1919 from indefinite anglo german predecessor displaced by british administrative change in 1902 from original 1895 location south of nairobi nominally fixed in 1926 at intersection of latitude 1s0 & longitude of westernmost point of pyramid island or approx e33d56m00s but a keug survey & buoy demarcation are reportedly in progress to resolve nearby migingo island dispute topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet24-9th-ed.jpg <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet24-9th-ed.jpg>ibs 55 71 139 kyrgyzstan kazakhstan uzbekistan 156 kgkzuz tricountry point since independence of all parties in 1991 succeeding soviet tristate point created in 1936 by separation of kazakh & kirgiz ssrs from russian ssr likely maintaining earlier administrative trijunction situated at maidantal & talas alatau ridge junction evidently in elev4131m at n42d15m48s12h e70d56m35s30h wgs84 some 40m below & a few hundred meters sw of chatangat summit & also very near if not precisely coincident with eponymous triangulation station where it was trilaterally reaffirmed in 2006 pending final ratification but is probably still undemarcated downloadable topos differ slightly http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k42-070-2.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k42-070.html photos of upper oygaing valley with chatangat at center of first frame & rising from second frame at upper left http://www.panoramio.com/photo/26043734#comment & http://www.panoramio.com/photo/26043734#comment [image: На берегу озера Шовуркуль (The Shovurkul lake)] [image: Untitled] <http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/26043734.jpg> kyrgyzstan tajikistan uzbekistan 157 kgtjuz tricountry point apparent since nearly simultaneous independence of all parties in 1991 inheriting soviet republican trijunction created in 1929 by promotion of tajik republic & devolved by further changes in 1936 while based perhaps only on official map depictions & very possibly still unmarked today in roughly 40n13 70e59 where it lies apparently unnoticed in a meadowy cul de sac behind sogd regional psychiatric hospital at lakkon tj topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/tajikistan/100k/11-42-142.jpg tripoint evidently near right center as viewed from near lakkon http://www.tsp.nl/foto.lakkon/TSP.LA.23.koeien.JPG cambodia laos thailand 158 khlath historically intermittent tricountry conjunction situated at various locations on dangrek ridge between 1353 & 1834 revived in 1953 by independence of cambodia & laos from binational tristate point frth2khla that had been fixed by franco siamese accord at col de preah chambot aka chong bok in 1904 pursuant to 1902 agreement transferring bassac region from siam to france & 1893 agreement establishing french control over laos east of the mekong situated in roughly 14n21 105e12 at a point from which the main source of the tonle repou descends & where demarcation was projected for 2009 topo http://www.nexus.net/~911gfx/vietnam/maps/nd48-07/nd48_07e.html better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d48-16.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d48-16.html>ibs 20 32 40 cambodia laos vietnam 159 khlavn tricountry point since independence of cambodia & laos in 1953 reviving & refining intermittent multiple frontier of several centuries & directly succeeding french administrative trijunction effectively established in 1893 by cession of laos from siam to france tho evidently displaced some 200km northward in 1904 by transfer of darlac from laos to annam & of stung treng from laos to cambodia & situated probably since then if not per subsequent french cartographical adjustment on remote nameless peak forming triple watershed divide at elev1086m in roughly n14d41m25s e107d32m15s wgs84 where it was first monumented trilaterally in 2007 with formal dedication in 2008 topos http://www.rjsmith.com/tri-border-area-hcmt.html for detail & more inclusive but slower http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--d48-2--%2801%29.html photos http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/?catid=1&newsid=35232 & http://wikimapia.org/6022008/Laos-Cambodia-Vietnam-border-intersection ibs 32 35 155 kazakhstan turkmenistan uzbekistan 160 kztmuz tricountry conjunction since breakup of ussr in 1991 succeeding indefinite tristate point created in 1924 & devolved to present format in 1936 while situated if only per soviet mapping at intersection of apparent geodesic lines on salt pan beneath chink kaplankyr but probably still unmarked if not indeed still indefinite in roughly 41n19 56e0 abutting downloadable topos http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--k40-26.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k40-101.html & overview topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--k40-3.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--k40-3.html> laos myanmar thailand 161 lammth definite yet perhaps elusive or even mystical tricountry point distilled from ancient if intermittent multiple frontier by 1896 frgb accord pursuant to 1894 gbth & 1893 frth agreements devolving to present format by independence of laos in 1953 situated within the broad confluence called the golden triangle of the mekong & nam kok rivers but specifically at their rather gradual thalweg junction which is evidently located in the narrows beside the buddha of sop ruak in roughly 20n21 100e5 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f47-35.html video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9XyQV5bkGY photo http://www.flickr.com/photos/marty-johnston/3836905817/ <http://www.flickr.com/photos/marty-johnston/3836905817/>ibs 20 33 63 [image: photo] lithuania poland russia 162 ltplru historically intermittent tricountry point resurrected by independence of lithuania in 1990 as ltplsu til reaching present format in 1991 inheriting binational tristate point plsu2ltru established by potsdam conference in 1945 at *location* of former deltpl tricountry point created by treaty of versailles in 1919 *but with trifinial configuration altered* by partition of east prussia between poland & russia & first demarcated as suchin 1946 by plsu markers *numbered *1987 in roughly n54d21m58s e22d47m28s wgs84 where it was remonumented for the first time trilaterally in 2010 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--n34-058-4.html photos of removal of previous monument http://www.goldap.info/wszystko/z-zycia-sasiednich-gmin/3925-ruszyl-remont-znakow-granicznych-na-trojstyku.html?a92f23723f75008a1ebf0d37d69a6ce5=3e4ece678340d629e5e5b5fb73a36dbd & of new monument below http://www.flickr.com/photos/54045201@N00/4821743085/in/photostream/ chad libya niger 163 lynetd indefinite tricountry conjunction since independence of niger in 1960 inheriting binational colonial trijunction fixed to present general location *at or near* n23 e15 by transfer of tibesti district from niger to chad in 1931 & displaced thereby some 400 km northwestward from original position near n22 e19 dating from perhaps 1900 & clarified by 1919 frit delimitation adhering to 19th century ottoman conventional limit but in any case probably undemarkable in shifting dunes while all 3 convergent boundaries are well depicted on maps & reasonably clear in practice downloadable topos a pair http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f33-09.html & http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--f33-10.html notably the only degree confluence tripoint that remains unvisited ibs 2 73 chad libya sudan 164 lysdtd multinational trijunction since egyptian independence in 1922 made sudan condominium binational & some of its boundaries trinational promoted in 1934 to quadricountry tripoint initially as egfrgbit when eggbit agreement transferred adjacent sarra triangle from anglo egyptian to italian sovereignty extending italian territory to 19n30 e24 where a corner defined in 1919 pursuant to an 1899 frgb allocation had been marked with a cairn in 1923 & having devolved to egfrgbly by libyan independence in 1951 reduced to an ordinary tricountry point as frlysd by sudan independence in 1956 before reaching present form on independence of chad in 1960 topo http://tinyurl.com/ygp6yje better downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e34-06.html> maps/200k--e34-06.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e34-06.html> <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--e34-06.html>ibs 10 15 moldova romania ukraine north 165 mdrouan tricountry point apparent since collapse of ussr in 1991 succeeding binational tristate point established by creation of moldovan ssr in 1945 within territory ceded by romania to soviet union in 1940 at location determined by soviet mapping on thalweg of prut river per 1940 rosu treaty in roughly 45n28 28e13 ultimately demarcated in alignment with 2004 mdua markers 0002 & 0001 topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/M-35-138.jpg neighborhood photo http://www.nicolette.dk/borderbase/tripoint.php?c1=94&c2=117&c3=144&orientation=N <http://www.nicolette.dk/borderbase/tripoint.php?c1=94&c2=117&c3=144&orientation=N>ibs 43 [image: Border tripoint of Moldavia, Romania and Ukraine] moldova romania ukraine south 166 mdrouas tricountry point apparent since fall of ussr in 1991 succeeding binational tristate point established by creation of moldovan ssr in 1945 within territory ceded by romania to the soviet union in 1940 at location determined by soviet mapping & demarcated apparently by thalweg junction of prut & danube in keeping with 1940 rosu treaty in roughly 45n28 28e13 possibly in alignment with remote 1949 rosu markers 1335 over 36 & likely with a pair of 2004 mdua terminal markers topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/L-35-093.jpg photo http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersMRUs.htm <http://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/rpalmber/BordersMRUs.htm>ibs 43 mali mauritania senegal 167 mlmrsn tricountry point apparent however indefinite since independence of all parties in 1960 succeeding french administrative trijunction created in 1913 & specifically delimited in 1933 on north or right bank of senegal river opposite center hypothetically of mouth of river faleme in roughly n14d45m15s w12d14m23s wgs84 while a complete demarcation of mlsn is reportedly now in progress topo http://www.ml-datos.com/4/ficheros/mapas/Senegal/Bakel.PNG video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTWrqHsdkkQ <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTWrqHsdkkQ>ibs 23 78 151 [image: Fleuve Senegal, Diogountouro, Guidimakha, Mauritanie by Martin Baran.] malawi mozambique tanzania 168 mwmztz historically intermittent tricountry conjunction originally as 1886degbpt1919 which was adjusted some 500m southward to present position in 1907 restored to trinational status in 1961 by independence of tanganyika before devolving to present political composition in 1975situated in the center presumably of the mouth of the txuinde aka chiuindi aka kwindi stream on the east shore of lake nyasa in about n11d34m30 per ibs & brownliebut in recent decades tanzania has been claiming & using the eastern half of the lake north of that latitude & malawi has not been resisting or protesting & so the effective longitude has become roughly 34e37 topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc- 6589746-sheet28-7th-ed.jpg ibs 37 39 112 malawi mozambique zambia 169 mwmzzm tricountry point since independence of malawi in 1964 reaching present political format in 1975 after inheriting binational administrative trijunction created & delimited in 1891 & marked by 1904 gbpt beacon 38 nominally where s14 crosses the nyasa zambezi watershed divide tho actually a few seconds north of that latitude & at about e33d14m30s wgs84 just sw of village of coumba mw topo http://tinyurl.com/27up9he <http://tinyurl.com/27up9he>ibs 112 114 147 malawi tanzania zambia 170 mwtzzm tricountry point since independence of malawi in 1964 succeeding british & earlier anglo german administrative trijunction created evidently in 1891 & marked at summit of nankungulu hill elev1949m in roughly s9d24m0s6 e32d57m34s8 wgs84 by 1898 degb pillar 2 & pillar b588 of an unknown demarcation of tzzm probably british 1953 topo http://tinyurl.com/364ka7u <http://tinyurl.com/364ka7u>ibs 37 44 147 mozambique swaziland south africa north 171 mzszzan tricountry point since independence of south africa in 1961 devolved to present political format in 1975 succeeding binational tristate point established by british arrangement in 1884 pursuant to 1869 gbpt accord & first marked in 1894 by mpundweni beacon aka gbpt pillar 1 which was reaffirmed in 1927 after being topped in 1925 by reinforced masonry capstone now eroding & exposed at apex in roughly s25d57m9s e31d58m30 wgs84 at elev791m topo http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/961382851/item/1080040481/view plat etc http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/16/8/00030382.pdf photo http://4.bp.blogspot.<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-h/IMG_4243.jpg> com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-h/IMG_4243.jpg> AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-h/IMG_4243.jpg> h/<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-h/IMG_4243.jpg> IMG_4243.jpg<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XRhAGmuKesA/SwAaKr7LnqI/AAAAAAAAALQ/_Mu5RhAuX6s/s1600-h/IMG_4243.jpg> ibs 133 135 137 mozambique swaziland south africa south 172 mzszzas tricountry conjunction since independence of south africa in 1961 reaching present political composition in 1975 succeeding binational tristate convergence established notionally by multilateral agreement in 1888 & promoted by gbpt accord of 1891 & finally proclaimed by great britain in 1895 at intersection of the course of the great usutu aka maputo river & hence its median line hypothetically with the ridge line of the lebombo mountains near abercorn drift in roughly s26d50m25s e32d8m5s wgs84 topo http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1041623544/item/648949454/view larger topo http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet34-5th-ed.jpg area pic http://www.freewebsite.dk/swazi/ <http://www.freewebsite.dk/swazi/>ibs 133 135 137 [image: 49ff4fc5a8afb04052009.jpg] mozambique south africa zimbabwe 173 mzzazw tricountry conjunction since independence of south africa in 1961 reaching present political composition in 1980 succeeding binational tristate convergence created in 1881 at an uncertain or conflicting position in the confluence of the intermittent rivers pafuri & limpopo in roughly s22d25m30s e31d18m30s south african topo 3rd from bottom here http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point-point/336 appears to place the tripoint rather arbitrarily but colonial descriptions are either vague or in conflict regarding thalwegs & medians & beacon alignments so the following zimbabwean topo is quite right to show a gap http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/1705302194/item/845153541/view?picmode=original&mode=tn&order=ordinal&start=1&dir=asc while this downloadable soviet one is also quite right to waffle http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--xf36-20.html wet season photo http://farm1.static.flickr.com/35/97091006_7d66e937f8.jpg?v=0 followed by dry http://media.photobucket.com/image/crooks%20corner/Lindacd_2006/SA%20trip%20August%2008/IMG_0073.jpg?o=1 suggest tripoint would be highly mobile in any case even if it werent technically elusive to begin with ibs 117 118 133 [image: IMG_0073.jpg crooks corner image by Lindacd_2006] mozambique zambia zimbabwe 174 mzzmzw tricountry conjunction since independence of zambia in 1964 reaching present political composition in 1980 inheriting somewhat conflicted binational tristate point created by great britain in 1895 pursuant to 1891 gbpt accord & presumably situated at the seasonally variable location of the median junction of the loangwa & zambezi rivers *but also* in the longitude of 1911 gbpt beacon 1 specified as e30d25m20s3 in an unknown datum which is standing *evidently several hundred meters below or east of the median junction *on the south bank in roughly s15d37m30s topos http://tinyurl.com/2wcyj86 & http://tinyurl.com/ydkuj9m & http://tinyurl.com/29y49q5 colonial photo http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/NRPhotoBook/ Feira.jpg shows loangwa entering at left into zambezi as it flows from lower right toward the horizon ibs 30 114 118 namibia zambia zimbabwe *000* *nazmzw* tho it flies in the face of both common perception & governmental assertion nevertheless the existence of a nazmzw trijunction produced by conflicting de jure boundaries & the resulting territorial overlap not only cannot be ruled out but actually is depicted by best available mapping at a location near the middle of the kazungula ferry crossing in very roughly s17d47m35s e25d15m50s & is thus included in the registry tho not enumerated in the inventory pending further clarification for maps photos & other data see also bwnazm *bwnazw* & bwzmzw above evidence of diplomatic acknowledgment 2006 http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=121&GroupID=1 ibs 30 123 * * *while it is perhaps noteworthy that **the probability of a precise bwnazmzw quadripoint is practically nil nevertheless bwzm & nazw delimitations do not exist nor have any definite tripoint positions been published if they have indeed ever been agreed* * * chad niger nigeria 175 nengtd tricountry conjunction since independence of niger in 1960 as frgbne initially but devolving to gbnetd & present form in same year succeeding binational tricolonial convergency created by french military convention in 1912 pursuant to 1906 frgb accord but only loosely delimited & unmarked on the now dry bed of lake chad in roughly 13n43 13e38 subject to minor unresolved discrepancies in the coordinates cited by sources downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d33-20.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d33-20.html>s/200k--d33-20.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d33-20.html> ibs 73 90 93 <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--d33-20.html> oman saudi arabia yemen 176 omsaye ancient multiple frontier of separation in empty quarter of arabian desert emerging as tricountry conjunction on breakup of ottoman empire in 1918 winnowed to tripoint by 3 successive bilateral agreements concluded between 1990 & 2000 with presumably trilateral demarcation circa2005 at n19 e52 wgs84 *just about exactly* or so it seems photo http://www.confluence.org/photo.php?visitid=13319&pic=6 [image: Ian & Sheila in Saudi, Gordon & Linda in Oman, and Mike and Be in Yemen] poland slovakia ukraine 177 plskua tricountry point at ridge junction on kremenec summit elev1221m in roughly 49n5 22e34 since cession of ruthenia from czechoslovakia to the soviet union in 1945 devolved to present form by czech breakup in 1993 succeeding binational tristate point of poland with czech ruthenia & slovakia dating from 1919 but actually also inheriting that of galicia & the hungarian counties of zemplen & ung dating possibly from the 11th century is marked by a late 20th century monument which looks difficult to climb topo http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/M-34-106.jpg photo http://www.iabsi.com/gen/public/settlements/SL_hiking_the_kremenec.htm ibs 77 rwanda tanzania uganda 178 rwtzug somewhat indefinite or irrational tricountry conjunction since independence of tanganyika in 1961 reaching present political form in 1964 on its union with zanzibar evidently situated within or very near confluence of kagitumba & kagera rivers as successor to 1916 anglo belgian & earlier anglo german administrative trijunction which was notional from 1885 subdivision of german east africa & increasingly real from 1890 & 1910 degb delimitations albeit displaced between 1921 & 1924 to a nearby location for an abortive railway project but otherwise located in roughly 1s4 30e28 at thalweg junction of kagitumba & kagera per brownlie & ibru following a 1934 begb accord that actually changed the boundary alignment in the upper kagera from the midstream to the thalweg tho it was missed by the ibs studies cited below *& yet *owing to the peculiar configuration of the confluence* the tripoint as thus redefined appears to fall 100 meters or more below the mouth of the kagitumba* as suggested by the pointer on this aerial photo http://bit.ly/c3QqFd *so it is quite possible that the point on the kagera thalweg opposite the left side of the kagitumba mouth *which coincides with the traditionally accepted trijunction location mentioned by the ibs* could yet emerge as tripoint by default* downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/500k--xa36-1.html & more detailed map http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/attachments/folder/491158544/item/33646485/view ibs 54 55 69 serbia rs south africa za spain es switzerland ch united arab emirates ae united kingdom gb western sahara eh below part 2 the 29 unofficial yet actual or probable tricountry conjunctions involving the territories of detached or alienated states that are not members of the united nations miscellaneous mostly de facto trijunctions or triple frontiers involving various united nations member states & 16 unrecognized entities which nevertheless contain & represent something on the order of 1 percent of world population with territorial or country codes improvised as needed & as indicated & numerical suffixes substituted where directional suffixes would be impractical abkhazia georgia russia 179 abgeru tripoint of abkhazia with rump georgia & russia per soviet position at gora gvandra summit in roughly 43n12 42e5 photos & link to downloadable topo http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ boundarypointpoint/message/1142 afghanistan with north waziristan & pakistan north 180 afnwpkn where the boundary between north waziristan & kurram agencies of pakistan meets the durand line on the sheravang ridge in roughly 33n20 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--i42-23.html intel & analysis http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/message/1684 intel & analysis http://groups.yahoo.com/group/boundarypointpoint/message/1704 north waziristan remains the only agency in the tribal areas not targeted by the anti taliban campaign of the central government in islamabad afghanistan with north waziristan & pakistan south 181 afnwpks where the boundary between north & south waziristan agencies of pakistan meets the durand line in roughly 32n31 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--i42-34.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--i42-34.html>s/200k--i42-34.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/200k--i42-34.html> see above item al houthi with saudi arabia & rump north yemen east 182 *ah*sa*yn*e where the sadah & al jawf governorates meet the saudi boundary in roughly 17n26 44e55 map http://www.criticalthreats.org/sites/default/files/Map_Yemen_0507_original.gif al houthi with saudi arabia & rump north yemen west 183 *ah*sa*yn*w where the sadah & hajjah governorates meet the saudi boundary in roughly 16n39 43n14 for map see above link armenia azerbaijan nagorno karabakh 184 amaznk where karabagh held & rump azerbaijan meet armenia at a nameless peak of elev 3316m on the boundary between kalbajar & dashkasan rayons in roughly 40n17 45e58 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k38-140.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k38-140.html>s/100k--k38-140.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k38-140.html> azerbaijan iran nagorno karabakh 185 azirnk where karabagh held & rump azerbaijan meet iran on the aras thalweg just south of horadiz in fisuli rayon at very roughly 39n23 47e20 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-023.html> 10 <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-023.html>0k--j38-023.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--j38-023.html> cyprus with great britain & northern cyprus east 186 cygbkke unficyp buffered trijunction of kuzey kibris aka northern cyprus with rump cyprus & east end of dhekelia british sovereign base area aka ayios nikolaos station situated due west of dherinja community in roughly 35n5 33e55 cyprus with great britain & northern cyprus west 187 cygbkkw unficyp buffered trijunction of kuzey kibris aka northern cyprus with rump cypus & west end of dhekelia british sovereign base area skirting community of pyla between 35n0 33e42 & 35n2 33e40 visit report http://www.nicolette.dk/<http://www.nicolette.dk/cyprus/index.php> cyprus <http://www.nicolette.dk/cyprus/index.php>/index.php<http://www.nicolette.dk/cyprus/index.php> djibouti with north yemen & south yemen 188 dj*ynys* hypothetical equidistant maritime tripoint in bab el mandeb due south of perim island at roughly 12n31 43e25 for approx location please zoom out til green arrowhead appears http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=12.52,+43.42&aq=&sll=12.396341,43.335571&sspn=0.708188,0.883026&ie=UTF8&z=16 algeria morocco western sahara 189 dzehma the fully iso coded yet all but extinguished western sahara probability marked by 1956 esfr pillar 41 nominally at 27n40 8w40 visit report http://aclpp.blogspot.com/2008/04/el-hito-41.html egypt gaza israel east 190 eggzile formerly egilps or egilpse til hamas coup in 2007 the major gaza tripoint probability at kerem sholom in roughly n31d13m12s e34d16m2s wgs84 satpic locator map http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44375000/gif/_44375791_gaza_egypt_map416.gif article & maps projecting 10km displacement of tripoint to southeast http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/12/opinion/mapping-mideast-peace.html#nytg-optionsBox already a unesco tripoint while not yet a general assembly tripoint fwiw egypt gaza israel west 191 eggzilw the lesser gaza tripoint probability on the seacoast near tall rafah in roughly n31d19m25s e34d13m8s wgs84 in the absence of normal territorial seas map showing closed area controlled by israel http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> rdonl<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> yres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> 8BA0-<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> gif<http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0D80237A-9B99-42D4-8BA0-FB8627593661/0/MFAG003p0.gif> & the effective tripoint at oslo point m1 already a unesco tripoint while not yet a general assembly tripoint fwiw ethiopia with rump somaliland & reassembled rump federal somalia 192 ethaso where rump somaliland aka hargeisa & the greater puntland state within rump federal somalia as recombined in september 2011 meet ethiopia just west of buuhoodle in roughly 8n14 46e18 map showing effective position in beige orange & green tricolor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedmap4.png news report of new rump somalia project http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/somali-leaders-sign-roadmap-war-torn-land-0 <http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/somali-leaders-sign-roadmap-war-torn-land-0>photo of the former tripoint at the colonial but no longer effective position at the n8 e48 corner http://tinyurl.com/ <http://tinyurl.com/qv8568>qv<http://tinyurl.com/qv8568> 85 <http://tinyurl.com/qv8568>68 <http://tinyurl.com/qv8568> georgia russia south ossetia east 193 geosrue easterly south ossetia tripoint per soviet position at gora vatsiglars summit in roughly 42n37 44e14 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-053-1.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-053-1.html>s/050k--k38-053-1.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-053-1.html> georgia russia south ossetia west 194 geosruw westerly south ossetia tripoint per soviet position at gora chanchakha summit in roughly 42n45 43e48 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/maps/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-040-4.html> 050k--k38-040-4.html <http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k38-040-4.html> israel jordan west bank first 195 iljowb1 west bank palestine corridor tripoint on the upriver or actually western side of allenby bridge in roughly n31d52m28s e35d32m26s wgs84 since all that appears to remain de facto of a potential jops or jowb boundary in the jordan valley is the passageway across the bridge itself as this sketch map suggests http://www.nad-plo.org/news-updates/wallmapoct07. pdf to download jordanian allenby topo http://gaialab.asu.edu/Jordan/# click on topo maps at left & select al karama quad from index map just east of jericho israel jordan west bank second 196 iljowb2 west bank palestine corridor tripoint on the downriver or actually eastern side of allenby bridge in roughly n31d52m28s e35d32m27s wgs84 see above item both iljowb trijunctions in a single photo http://www.roytov.com/articles/diplomacy.htm at right center & left center *note however that many maps do not show the existence of a palestinian corridor between jericho & the allenby bridge at all so the probability of any iljowb trijunctions de facto must remain an open question* & all the more so since israel has decided to maintain a security cordon around the west bank & palestine has decided to pursue its territorial claims in the united nations kurdistan iran iraq 197 kdiqir where kurdish held iraq & the rest of iraq meet iran just north of khanaqin per latest reports so possibly as far south as about 34n20 in that event map http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7E3G0lu48mA/TmYIT7K8MqI/AAAAAAAACCY/a8sjeDbjExc/s1600/Iraq_kurdish_areas_.jpg kurdistan iraq syria 198 kdiqsy where kurdish held iraq & the rest of iraq meet syria at the tripoint of al baaj & sinjar districts of ninawa province per recent reports so evidently at around 36n15 rather than so far north as is shown in the map linked above kosovo montenegro serbia 199 ksmers westerly kosovo & rump serbia tripoint adjoining montenegro at pogled summit on mokra gora ridge elev2155m in roughly 42n50 20e21 downloadable topo does not show boundaries http://en.poehali.<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k34-041.html> o <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k34-041.html>rg/maps/100k--k34-041.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--k34-041.html> kosovo macedonia serbia 200 ksmkrs easterly kosovo & rump serbia tripoint adjoining macedonia probably at unnamed summit with elev1056m on crna gora ridge in roughly 42n16 21e35 downloadable topo does not show boundaries http://en.poehali.<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k34-068-1.html> org/maps/050k--k34-068-1.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/050k--k34-068-1.html> but mk zoom topo helps visualize them http://www.katastar.gov.mk/ website/servistopokarti/ * * moldova pridnestrovie ukraine first 201 mdpdua1 westernmost pridnestrovie tripoint at soviet position on dniester thalweg just above nimereuca md in roughly 48n7 28e30 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--m35-142.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--m35-142.html>s/100k--m35-142.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--m35-142.html> locator map for all 4 pridnestrovie tripoints http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naddniestrze.png moldova pridnestrovie ukraine second 202 mdpdua2 northerly rump moldova exclave tripoint near novy goyan pd in roughly 47n23 29e20 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html>s/100k--l35-023.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html> moldova pridnestrovie ukraine third 203 mdpdua3 southerly rump moldova exclave tripoint near vasilievca md in roughly 47n23 29e20 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html>s/100k--l35-023.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-023.html> moldova pridnestrovie ukraine fourth 204 mdpdua4 southernmost pridnestrovie tripoint at soviet position on dniester thalweg near purcari md in roughly 46n13 29e53 downloadable topo http://en.poehali.org/<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-060.html> map <http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-060.html>s/100k--l35-060.html<http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l35-060.html> philippines taiwan vietnam 205 phtwvn hypothetical equidistant maritime tripoint between philippine held loaita & taiwanese held taiping & vietnamese held son ca island in the north spratly bunch at roughly 10n32 114e25 zoomable satpic locator map http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&source=hp&q=10.53333%2C%20114.41667&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl saudi arabia with north yemen & south yemen 206 sa*ynys *hypothetically at historical location where al jawf & hadhramaut governorates meet the saudi boundary in roughly 16n57 47e0 but the south is controlled partly by secessionists & partly by islamists who are not necessarily acting in unison & thus complicate & multiply trijunction probabilities alawite with rump syria & turkey 207 sytr*ww* where the alawite majority region of syria ends at the turkish frontier due north of aleppo in roughly 36n42 37e18 map http://media.stratfor.com/files/mmf/6/0/608f00ac0382cbd01c7206bb870d61acb6207307.jpg note the above map also suggests the possibility of a similar trijunction of shiite & rump syria emerging on the lebanese frontier among perhaps many other trijunctions of less notable disunited nations that may exist or that may be in the process of emerging thruout the world 2012 will mark year 4 & is thus covered by volume iv of t r i c o u n t r y the revised internationally coded official united nations tripoint registry yearbook tho we are pleased to report substantial progress & additions have been made during the past year still & once again it is remarkable that so many of the now 178 official united nations sovereign territorial trijunctions & indeed most of the now 29 or more superadded unofficial & disunited trijunctions too remain practically if not utterly unknown so while again sincerely thanking all who have brought us to our present state of play & knowledge we must continue to beg your indulgence & help with the ongoing process of finding & illuminating them all particular acknowledgements & congrats are again conveyed to the makers & presenters of all the select photos & other prized data it is our honor to have collected & represented but especially to all those who have paid first known visits & or most exacting ones to the respective tripoints all are credited by direct links to their original presentations but special mention is due jesper nielsen for being by far the leading contributor it should also be noted that many of the best tripoint photos & other visual data could not be shown here for various reasons but are referenced only by their internet links among the other small print caps off again in large print tho to professor barbara kwiatkowska of utrecht university not just for her astute criticism but for personally introducing the tricountry project to the actual luminaries of the hague & turtle bay & to emeritus professor victor prescott of the university of melbourne who has been & remains our leading inspiration & instigator all along the way because every opportunity has been taken to simplify & condense all the many pertinent data even the keenest readers may be puzzled on occasion by certain especially compressed or opaque passages but if so then a simple explanation will usually be found in the material at hand but certainly any lingering questions as well as additions corrections suggestions etc will be much appreciated & dotingly entertained by return email & apologies too if the newly added untitled country outline maps prove more puzzling than useful to readers or if the historical development is more of a distraction than a help to ones orientation or quest or entertainment etc or for any perceptible unevenness or awkwardness etc in the constantly evolving unfoldment & coverage or for any broken or slow links or for any other flaws or weaknesses of which there must be many in such a project also please be aware the identifying number sequence of the tripoints has changed substantially from previous editions owing to the addition of south sudan & its trijunctions & indeed is likely to continue to change from year to year as new countries & tripoint listings are added & superseded ones removed altho once a country has acquired an iso digraph & turtle bay country club membership the encoded names of its tripoints are not likely to change absent major territorial modifications or country name changes future tripoint seekers & visitors are most cordially invited to contribute best available photography & other data to future annual editions of the registry & states parties in particular are entreated to provide fullest available official tripoint information constant updates of the registry remain available on request great thanx for being with us sincerely ak on behalf of everyone involved with t r i c o u n t r y volume iv special commemorative issue last revised 11 november 2011 & still very much under construction & deconstruction volume iii previous annual redaction dated 1 january 2011 at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=INT-BOUNDARIES;d8e3f544.1101 volume ii prior annual redaction dated 1 january 2010 at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind1001&L=INT-BOUNDARIES&T=0&F=&S=&X=490B8E5A7A83697A0D&P=59 volume i premier edition dated 1 october 2009 at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind0910&L=INT-BOUNDARIES&F=&S=&P=59 last word from everyones land http://playingforchange.com/episodes/54/?utm_medium=Email&utm_source=ExactTarget&utm_campaign=epi54_United