Now available at Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice ONLINE
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
Volume 53, Number 2 / April 2011 is now available at http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/q33k151437k3/.
This issue contains:
Incivilités, logements sociaux et modes de gouvernance
Frédéric Ouellet, Frédéric Lemieux, Nadège Sauvêtre
Est-ce que le mode de gouvernance adopté influence les perceptions, les représentations et l'intervention face à des ruptures de l'ordre social ? Cette étude s'intéresse à cette question et met en relief deux types de logements sociaux dont le mode de gestion est passablement différent. Le premier est géré par les autorités municipales (habitation à loyer modique [HLM]) et le deuxième est administré collectivement par les communautés qui y habitent (coopérative d'habitation [COOP]). La comparaison met en évidence le rôle du mode de gouvernance quant au jugement et à la fréquence des incivilités. L'étude porte sur un sondage effectué auprès de 364 résidents de logements sociaux qui se situent à l'intérieur de cinq quartiers de la ville de Montréal. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de cohésion et de contrôle social informel est plus élevé dans les coopératives que dans les HLM et ils expliquent la fréquence des incivilités qui s'y produisent, les jugements que les résidents portent sur leur gravité relative et les stratégies d'intervention qu'ils privilégient.
Does the mode of governance influence the perceptions, representations, and intervention strategies vis-à-vis ruptures that overturn the social order? This study focuses on this question and highlights two forms of social housing that have fairly different methods of management. The first form is managed by municipal authorities (rent-controlled housing – HLM) and the second is administered collectively by the communities that live there (housing cooperative). The comparison calls particular attention to the role of the mode of governance in relation to judgements of and frequency of uncivil behaviours. The study relates to a field survey carried out among 364 residents of social housing in five neighbourhoods in the city of Montreal. The results demonstrate that the level of cohesion and informal social control is higher in cooperatives than in HLMs and explain the frequency of incivilities, residents' views as to the relative gravity accorded such incivilities, and the intervention strategies preferred by residents.
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/k610030516870588/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=0
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.139
Changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals, 1986–2005
Ellen G. Cohn
Changes in scholarly influence in four major international criminology journals (CJC—Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice; CRIM—Criminology; BJC—British Journal of Criminology; ANZ—Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology) were measured by determining the most-cited scholars in 2001–2005 and comparing them with the most-cited scholars in 1996–2000, 1991–1995, and 1986–1990. The number of cited authors increased by over 90% between 1986–1990 and 2001–2005. The most-cited scholars in 2001–2005 were Julian V. Roberts in CJC, Robert J. Sampson in CRIM, John Braithwaite in BJC, and Lawrence W. Sherman in ANZ. There was clear concordance between CJC and CRIM, and between BJC and ANZ, in the most-cited authors. The analyses reveal the increasing scholarly influence of some authors over this 20-year time period, the decreasing scholarly influence of others, and the continuing high influence of others. A list of the most-cited works of the most-cited authors showed that some scholars were specialized, with a large number of citations of one or two seminal works, usually books and often theoretical in nature. Other scholars were versatile: they had many different works cited a few times each.
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/c1pq77k525rt0536/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=1
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.157
La dynamique de la criminalité à Montréal : l'écologie criminelle revisitée
Rémi Boivin, Frédéric Ouellet
Cette étude de géographie criminelle urbaine explore la possibilité de combiner le concept de désorganisation sociale et la notion d'opportunités criminelles dans un même cadre théorique. À l'aide de modèles linéaires hiérarchiques (MLH), il est démontré que le nombre de crimes commis, tant contre la personne que contre les biens, est mieux prédit par la présence simultanée de délinquants motivés et d'opportunités criminelles. Mais la théorie des opportunités criminelles n'explique pas la présence de délinquants motivés. La théorie de la désorganisation sociale explique beaucoup mieux la distribution géographique de délinquants motivés dans l'espace urbain. Suivant la formulation initiale de Shaw & McKay, les résultats de l'étude indiquent qu'il n'existe pas un lien direct entre la composition des populations résidentes et la criminalité commise dans un quartier. Son effet est indirect et passe par la concentration urbaine de délinquants potentiels.
This study of urban criminal geography explores the possibility of combining, in the same theoretical framework, the concept of social disorganization and the notion of crime opportunities. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), it shows that the number of crimes committed, be they crimes against persons or property offences, is more effectively predicted by the simultaneous presence of motivated offenders and crime opportunities. Crime opportunities theory does not explain the presence of motivated offenders. Social disorganization theory goes much further in explaining the geographical distribution of motivated offenders in the urban setting. As Shaw and McKay framed it initially, the results of this study suggest that there exists no direct relationship between the makeup of the resident population and the level of crime committed in a neighbourhood. This effect is indirect and is based on the number of potential offenders in the urban setting.
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/u771863442312656/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=2
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.189
Criminalization and Off-Street Sex Work in Canada
Tamara O'Doherty
The research presented in this article examines women's perceptions of how the criminal laws relating to prostitution affect the experience of working in the off-street Canadian sex industry. The results of interviews with 10 women indicate that the criminalization of prostitution has numerous effects on the health and safety of indoor workers: the workers are alienated from the protective services of police; they are often misinformed about their legal rights in Canada; they face personal, legal, and social consequences for association with a criminalized activity; their abilities to mitigate risk are severely limited by the criminalization of ancillary activities related to prostitution; and their health is directly affected by the isolation and stress that accompany marginalized labour. The participants share their advice for future regulation of the sex industry in Canada and strongly encourage the removal of adult consensual sex work from the realm of criminal behaviour in Canada.
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/37pm36501450004j/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=3
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.217
Driving under the Influence of Cannabis or Alcohol in a Cohort of High-frequency Cannabis Users: Prevalence and Reflections on Current Interventions
Fraser McGuire, Meghan Dawe, Kevin D. Shield, et al.
Driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis is a major public health concern, as both are major risk factors for motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Prevalence levels for both driving-risk behaviours have increased in Canada in recent years, despite punitive laws and enforcement aimed at impaired driving. Young drivers are a major risk group, due to their common substance use and MVA involvement. Data from a cohort of N=102 high-frequency cannabis users [18–28 years old, 70 males and 32 females] who were also active alcohol users, recruited by mass advertising from university student populations in Toronto, indicated that a significantly (p=0.009) higher proportion of the sample [35.0%] had driven a car while under the influence of cannabis than had driven while under the influence of alcohol [4.9%] or of a combination of cannabis and alcohol [3.9%] in the 30 days prior to the assessment. Multiple explanations of this finding are possible. First, law-enforcement and practical deterrence effects for alcohol- versus cannabis-impaired driving in Canada may be substantially different. Second, cannabis users may generally believe that the impairment effects of cannabis are limited, and frequent users may specifically believe in their ability to control cannabis's effects on driving. Implications for interventions and policy are discussed.
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/32n688806k616512/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=4
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.247
Book Reviews / Recensions de livres (April/avril 2011)
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/j54ht817471g6123/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=5
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.261
Books Received / Livres reçus – April/avril 2011
http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/j852v44504414106/?p=a470986ab6e544708671c8c7b1497f18&pi=6
DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.53.2.263
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posted by T Hawkins, UTP Journals