Dear All, I wonder if any of you can help with examples of RCTs using a sham/placebo surgical intervention as the control. I'm writing about blinding and the difficulties of achieving an adequate blind in trials of surgical interventions. My searches are very frustrating because searches combining RCT, surgery and placebo return thousands of trials of medical interventions in surgical patients... I know of the trial of fetal nigral cell transplantation for parkinson's disease, and arthroscopic surgery vs sham for osteoarthritis of the knee both of which are widely cited in ethical discussions about the accepatbility of sham surgery. If anyone knows of any other studies using sham surgical controls (any field) or has any tips to help me refine my search I would be very grateful. Best wishes and thank you in advance for any help, Caroline Dr. Caroline Boulind Clinical Research Fellow 01935 384559 This e-mail and any attachments may contain confidential and privileged information. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately by return e-mail, delete this e-mail and destroy any copies. Any dissemination or use of this information by a person other than the intended recipient is unauthorized and may be illegal.